Vitellogenin (VTG or less popularly known as VG) (from latin vitellus = yolk and gener = to produce) is a synonymous term for the gene and the expressed protein. The protein molecule is classified as a glycolipoprotein, having properties of a sugar, fat and protein.

Vitellogenin is an egg yolk precursor protein expressed in the females of nearly all oviparous species including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, most invertebrates, and the platypus. Vitellogenin is the precursor of the lipoproteins and phosphoproteins that make up most of the protein content of yolk. In the presence of estrogenic endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs), male fish can express the Vg gene in a dose dependent manner. Vg gene expression in male fish can be used as a molecular marker of exposure to estrogenic EDCs.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Vitellogenin, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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There are number of steps that can be taken during abdominal or pelvic surgery to minimize postoperative complications, such as the formation of adhesions. Such techniques and principles may include:

• Handling all tissue with absolute care

• Using powder-free surgical gloves

• Controlling bleeding

• Choosing sutures and implants carefully

• Keeping tissue moist

• Preventing infection

However, despite these proactive measures, abdominal or pelvic surgery can result in trauma that can lead to adhesions. In order to prevent adhesions from forming following a pelvic (gynecologic) surgery, such as hysterectomy, myomectomy or caesarean section, adhesion barrier can be placed during surgery to minimize the risk of adhesions between the uterus and ovaries, the small bowel, and almost any tissue in the abdomen or pelvis.

Adhesions can cause complications, such as:

• Infertility, which may result when adhesions twist the tissues of the ovaries and tubes, blocking the normal passage of the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus. One in five infertility cases is estimated to be adhesion related (stoval)

• Chronic pelvic pain, which may result when adhesions are present in the pelvis. Almost 50 percent of chronic pelvic pain cases are estimated to be adhesion related (stoval)

• Small bowel obstruction – the disruption of normal bowel flow, which can result when adhesions twist or pull the small bowel. 75% of small bowel obstructions are directly related to adhesions. (Scovill)

All the above complications have been associated with adhesions in clinical studies. [Source needed]

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Elective caesarean section, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Catherine Birnie (nee Harrison) was also born in 1951. She was 2 years old when her mother, Doreen, died giving birth to her brother, who died two days later. Unable to cope with her, her father Harold had sent her away to live with her maternal grandparents. At the age of ten, there was a custody dispute where Catherine’s father gained sole custody of Catherine again.

At the age of 12, she met David Birnie, and by the age of 14 she was in a relationship with David. Harold had begged Catherine on several occasions to leave David due to the fact that she was getting in trouble with the local police all the time. But the disapproval of their relationship only strengthened their union.

Her time in prison throughout her adolescent years offered Catherine the chance to break away from David Birnie. Encouraged by a parole officer, Catherine began working for the McLaughlin family as a house keeper. She married Donald McLaughlin on her 21st birthday.

She and McLaughlin had seven children; their firstborn, a son, was struck and killed by a car in infancy.

Four weeks after the birth of her seventh child, she abandoned McLaughlin and began cohabiting with Birnie, who had tracked her down in hospital after she had had a hysterectomy. She had her surname legally changed by deed poll to match his, and reportedly was emotionally dependent on him.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article David and Catherine Birnie, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Targeted agents are beginning to permit the design of more rational treatment regimens for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which comprises about 80% to 85% of all lung cancers.Spiro SG, Tanner NT, Silvestri GA, Janes SM, Lim E,

Vansteenkiste JF, Pirker R. Lung cancer: progress in diagnosis, staging and therapy. Respirology 2010;15:44-50.

While there have been no randomized clinical trials of targeted agents in c-SCLC, some small case series suggest that some may be useful in c-SCLC. Many targeted agents appear more active in certain NSCLC variants. Given that c-SCLC contains components of NSCLC, and that the chemoradioresistance of NSCLC components impact the effectiveness of c-SCLC treatment, these agents may permit the design of more rational treatment regimens for c-SCLC.Spiro SG, Tanner NT, Silvestri GA, Janes SM, Lim E, Vansteenkiste JF, Pirker R. Lung cancer: progress in diagnosis, staging and therapy. Respirology 2010;15:44-50.

EGFR-TKI’s have been found to be active against variants exhibiting dertain mutations in the EGFR gene. While EGFR mutations are very rare (
Adapted from the Wikipedia article Targeted therapy of lung cancer, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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* Sodium propanoate, NaC2H5CO2

* Methyl propanoate, (C2H5(CO)OCH3)

* Calcium propanoate, Ca(C2H5CO2)2

* Potassium propanoate, KC2H5CO2

* Testosterone propanoate

* Fluticasone propanoate

Category:Propionates

Category:Carboxylate anions

Category:Carboxylate esters

de:Propionat

fi:Propionate

sv: Propansyra
Adapted from the Wikipedia article Propanoate, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Xenoestrogens are novel, industrially made compounds, that have estrogenic effects and differ chemically from ancient, naturally occurring estrogenic substances produced by living organisms. Their potential ecological and human health impact is under study.

As a heterogeneous group of chemicals that are hormonally active agents, xenoestrogens are similar to other estrogens , such as phytoestrogens (estrogenic substances from plants) and mycoestrogens (estrogenic substances from fungi, which can be considered as one type of mycotoxin). Xenoestrogens include pharmacological estrogens (estrogenic action is an intended effect, as in the drug ethinyl estradiol used in contraceptive pill), but other chemicals may also have estrogenic effects. Xenoestrogens have been introduced into the environment by industrial, agricultural and chemical companies and consumers only in the last 70 years or so, but archiestrogens have been a ubiquitous part of the environment even before the existence of the human race.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Xenoestrogen, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Born to a middle class Jewish family in Washington Heights, New York, Cowen wrote poetry from a young age, enjoying the works of T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Dylan Thomas.

While attending Barnard College in the early 1950s, she became friends with Joyce Johnson (at the time, Joyce Glassman). It was during this period that she was first introduced to Ginsberg by psychology professor Donald Cook. The two discovered a mutual acquaintance in Carl Solomon, whom they had both met while spending time separately in a mental hospital. A romantic involvement followed in the spring and summer of 1953. However, it was during this time that Ginsberg began to embrace his homosexuality, and the relationship gradually dissolved. Despite this, Cowen remained emotionally attached to Ginsberg for the rest of her life.

In February 1956, she and her lover Sheila moved into an apartment with Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky. At the time Cowen had a job as a typist. She was fired and was removed from the office by police officers who beat her. When her father came to pick her up at the police station, he warned her, “If your mother ever hears of this it will kill her.” She then moved to San Francisco, attracted by its growing Beat scene. While in San Francisco, Cowen became pregnant and was forced to undergo a hysterectomy during a late-stage abortion. She returned to New York, and after another trip to California, she relocated to live in Manhattan.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Elise Cowen, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Toxicity

By 2000, a review published in an industry linked journal* concluded that “under present and expected conditions of new use, there is no potential for Roundup herbicide to pose a health risk to humans”. *The journal was criticized for its close ties with the industry and the corresponding author (Ian C. Munro) was a member of Cantox (a scientific and regulatory consulting firm whose role was defined as to “protect client interests while helping our clients achieve milestones and bring products to market”). It was also written with the help of Monsanto scientists. The 2000 review was been criticized by another study which included, as an author, Séralini, a scientist who works for CRIIGEN an organization dedicated to anti-GMO activities. That later study pointed that the 2000 review reviewed mostly experiments where glyphosate and POEA were used alone, not as a mixture as in Roundup, and for only one or two years. It didn’t review toxicity studies of Roundup treatments (as a mixture) in rats or rabbits that last more than 22 days and its potential as an endocrine disruptor was not assessed with a Roundup mixture at all. Monsanto uses that 2000 review study as the main source to support Roundup safety for humans.

A 2008 scientific study has shown that Roundup formulations and metabolic products cause the death of human embryonic, placental, and umbilical cells ”in vitro”, even at low concentrations. The effects were not proportional to the main active ingredient concentrations (glyphosate), but dependent on the nature of the adjuvants used in the Roundup formulation.

Deliberate ingestion of Roundup herbicide in quantities ranging from 85-200 ml has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500ml with only mild or moderate symptoms following ingestion. There is a reasonable correlation between the amount of Roundup ingested and the likelihood of serious systemic sequelae or death. Ingestion of >85 mL of the concentrated formulation is likely to cause significant toxicity in adults. Gastrointestinal corrosive effects, with mouth, throat and epigastric pain and dysphagia are common. Renal and hepatic impairment are also frequent and usually reflect reduced organ perfusion. Respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary oedema, infiltration on chest x-ray, shock, arrythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia may supervene in severe cases. Bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias are often present pre-terminally. Dermal exposure to ready-to-use glyphosate formulations can cause irritation, and photo-contact dermatitis has been reported occasionally; these effects are probably due to the preservative Proxel (benzisothiazolin-3-one).Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, tingling and throat irritation. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis, and superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.

Glyphosate is toxic to human skin cells, through causing oxidative damage; antioxidants such as Vitamin C and E were found to provide some protection to such damage, leading the authors of the study to recommend that these chemicals be added to formulations including glyphosate. Severe skin burns are very rare.

Endocrine disruptor

A 2000 in vitro study on mouse MA-10 cells concluded that Roundup inhibited progesterone production by disrupting StAR protein expression. Further studies demonstrated this was not caused by glyphosate but to surfactants used as inactive ingredients in Roundup formulations.

A 2005 in vitro study on human placental JEG3 cells concluded that the glyphosate disruption of aromatase is facilitated by adjuvants of the Roundup formulation.

A 2009 in vitro experiment with glyphosate formulations on human liver HepG2 cells has observed endocrine disruption at sub-agricultural doses, where a Roundup formulation showed to be the most active formulation. The effects were more dependent on the formulation than on the glyphosate concentration.

A 2009 study on rats has found that Roundup is a potent endocrine disruptor causing disturbances in the reproductive development when the exposure was performed during the puberty period.

Genetic damage

A 1998 study on mice concluded that Roundup is able to cause genetic damage. The authors concluded that the damage was “”not related to the active ingredient, but to another component of the herbicide mixture””.

A 2005 study raised concerns over the effects of Roundup in transcription.

A 2009 study on mice has found that a single intraperitoneal injection of Roundup in concentration of 25& mg/kg caused chromosomal aberrations and induction of micronuclei.

A 2009 in vitro experiment with glyphosate formulations on human liver cells has observed DNA damages at sub-agricultural doses, where a Roundup formulation showed to be the most active formulation. The effects were more dependent on the formulation than on the glyphosate concentration.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Roundup (herbicide), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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* Toi M, Inada K, Suzuki H, Tominaga T. (1995). Tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer: its importance as a prognostic indicator and the association with vascular endothelial growth factor expression. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 36:193 – 204.

* Ferrara N. (1995). The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in pathological angiogenesis. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 36:127 – 137.

* Earp HS, Dawson TL, Li X, Yu H. (1995). Heterodimerization and functional interaction between EGF receptor family members: a new signaling paradigm with implications for breast cancer research. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 35:115 – 132.

* Ganz PA, Coscarelli A, Fred C, Kahn B, Polinsky ML, Petersen L. (1996). Breast cancer survivors: psychosocial concerns and quality of life. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 38:183 – 199.

* Del Giudice ME, Fantus IG, Ezzat S, McKeown-Eyssen G, Page D, Goodwin PJ. (1998). Insulin and related factors in premenopausal breast cancer risk. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 47:111 – 120.

* Russo J, Ao X, Grill C, Russo IH. (1999). Pattern of distribution of cells positive for estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor in relation to proliferating cells in the mammary gland. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 53:217 – 227.

* Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Obdeijn IM, Bartels KC, de Koning HJ, Oudkerk M. (2000). First experiences in screening women at high risk for breast cancer with MR imaging. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 63:53 – 60.

* Cauley JA, Norton L, Lippman ME, Eckert S, Krueger KA, Purdie DW, Farrerons J, Karasik A, Mellstrom D, Ng KW, Stepan JJ, Powles TJ, Morrow M, Costa A, Silfen SL, Walls EL, Schmitt H, Muchmore DB, Jordan VC, Ste-Marie LG. (2001). Continued breast cancer risk reduction in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene: 4-year results from the MORE trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 65:125 – 134.

* Peeters PH, Keinan-Boker L, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE. (2003). Phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. Review of the epidemiological evidence. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 77:171 – 183.

* Lacroix M, Leclercq G. (2004). Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: an update. ”Breast Cancer Research and Treatment” 83:249 – 289,

Category:Oncology journals

Category:Breast cancer

Category:Publications established in 1981

Category:Springer academic journals

fr:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
Adapted from the Wikipedia article Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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A doctor will test for prolactin blood levels in women with unexplained milk secretion (galactorrhoea) or irregular menses or infertility, and in men with impaired sexual function and milk secretion. If prolactin is high, a doctor will test thyroid function and ask first about other conditions and medications known to raise prolactin secretion. While a plain X-ray of the bones surrounding the pituitary may reveal the presence of a large macro-adenoma, the small micro-adenoma will not be apparent. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive test for detecting pituitary tumours and determining their size. MRI scans may be repeated periodically to assess tumour progression and the effects of therapy. Computed Tomography (CT scan) also gives an image of the pituitary, but it is less sensitive than the MRI.

In addition to assessing the size of the pituitary tumour, doctors also look for damage to surrounding tissues, and perform tests to assess whether production of other pituitary hormones is normal. Depending on the size of the tumour, the doctor may request an eye exam with measurement of visual fields.

The hormone prolactin is downregulated by dopamine and is upregulated by oestrogen. A falsely-high measurement may occur due to the presence of the biologically-inactive macroprolactin in the serum. This can show up as high prolactin in some types of tests, but is asymptomatic.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Hyperprolactinaemia, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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