1972–1975

Musikladen 01

13.12.1972

* Chris Barber’s Jazzband – Ice cream

* Chris Barber’s Jazzband – New York Town Blues

* Chuck Berry – School days

* Lynsey de Paul – Sugar me

* Lynsey de Paul – Doctor, doctor

* Johnny Cash – San Quentin

* Insterburg + Co. -

* Everly Brothers – Dream, dream, dream (Oldie)

* Slade – Gudbuy to Jane

* Slade – Mama weer all crazee now

* Medicine Head – How Does It Feel

Musikladen 02

10.01.1973

* Old Merrytale Jazzband – Beer Street Blues

* Old Merrytale Jazzband – It’s tight like that

* Klaus Doldinger: Passport II – Mandragora

* King Earl Boogie Band – Stealin’, stealin’

* Insterburg + Co. -

* Lonnie Donegan – Does your chewing gum loose his flavour?

* Peter Skellern – You’re a lady

* Sonny + Cher – I got you babe (Oldie)

Musikladen 03

21.02.1973

* Dubliners – Kelly the boy

* Dubliners – Dublin in the green

* Schnuckenack Reinhardt Quintett – Sweet Georgia Brown

* Schnuckenack Reinhardt Quintett – The man I love

* Insterburg + Co. -

* Chi Coltrane – Thunder and lightning

* Chi Coltrane – I wanna dance

* T.Rex – 20th century boy

* Moody Blues – Nights in white satin (Oldie)

Musikladen 04

21.03.1973

* Fumble – Good golly, Miss Molly

* Fumble – Get Up

* Thin Lizzy – Whiskey in the jar

* Donny Osmond – The Twelfth Of Never

* Mr. Acker Bilk – Panama Rag

* Timmy Thomas – Why can’t we live together

* Insterburg & Co. – Wodka Rubel

* Anne Murray – Snowbird

* Chris Montez & Fumble – Let’s dance

* Fumble – Jailhouse Rock (Oldie: live)

* Mr. Acker Bilk – South Rampart street parade

Musikladen 05

02.05.1973

* Johnny Rivers – Memphis ’72

* Johnny Rivers – Rockin’ pneumonia

* Traffic – Evening Blue

* Mama Lion – Candy man

* Humpfrey Lyttleton – Doggin’ around

* Insterburg & Co. -

* Crazy World Of Arthur Brown – Fire (Oldie)

* New Seekers – Pinball wizard

Musikladen 06

30.05.1973

* Turk Murphy + His Frisco Jazzband – 1919 rag

* Turk Murphy + His Frisco Jazzband – Snake Rag

* Sha na na – Yakety yag

* Sha na na – Sea cruise

* Sha na na – Hound dog

* Roy Buchanan – Sweet dreams

* Ofarim + Winter – Why red don’t you worry

* Neil Sedaka – Standing on the inside

* Dave Dee & Co. – The legend of Xanadu (Oldie)

* Donna Fargo – Happiest girl

* Blood, Sweat and Tears – Sail away

* Roxy Music – Virginia plain -

* Roxy Music – Do The Strand

* Roxy Music – Editions Of You

* Roxy Music – In Every Dream Home A Heartache

* Roxy Music – Remake Remodel

Musikladen 07

03.10.1973

* Chris Barber’s Jazzband -

* Albert Hammond – Everything I want to do

* Eksepction -

* Bill Withers – Harlem

* Insterburg & Co. – Winterlied

* Ingo Insterburg – Ich liebte ein Mädchen…

* The Rolling Stones – Silvertrain (Frisch vom Band)

* Albert Hammond – Free Electric Band

* Marsha Hunt – Keep the customers satisfied (Oldie: Beat Club)

Musikladen 08

31.10.1973

* Monty Sunshine – Sweet Sue

* – Our last song together

* Suzi Quatro – 48 crash

* Billy Preston – In outer space

* Insterburg & Co. – Raucherhusten-Blues

* Deman Tall – Just one little moment

* Truck Stop – Orange blossom special

* Joe South – Games people play

* The Temperance Seven – You’re driving me crazy

Musikladen 09

05.12.1973

* Max Colly -

* Ingeborg Thompson & Max Colly – Cakewalking babies from home

* Dietrich Kittner – Automatenlied

* Ike & Tina Turner – Nutbush city limits

* Horslips – High limits

* Osmonds – Oneway ticket to anywhere

* The New York Dolls – I’m looking for a kiss

* Donovan – Only the Blues

* Dietrich Kittner – Öl-Konzerne (Limerick)

* Marie Osmond – Paper Roses

* Arthur Conley – Sweet Soul Music (Oldie: Beat Club)

* Max Colly – Doctor Jazz

Musikladen 10

23.01.1974

* Abbi Hübner – Panama Rag

* Country Joe McDonald – Going down old dusty road

* The Doobie Brothers – China grove

* Donny Osmond – When I fall in love

* Chi Coltrane – Who ever told you

* Insterburg & Co. – Jägerlied

* Bryan Ferry – A hard rain’s gonna fall

* Stevie Wonder – Living for the city

* Dave Dee & Co. – Hold tight (Oldie)

* Stevie Wonder – Superstition

Musikladen 11

20.02.1974

* Leinemann – The First National Ragtime

* Leinemann – Grandma

* Judy Pulver – Sing for your supper

* Leo Sayer – The show must go on

* The Sweet – Teenage rampage

* Ulrich Roski – der kleine Mann von der Straße

* Lulu – The man who sold the world

* Alex Welsh and his Jazzband – Too-Too-Toosie goodbye

* Vinegar Joe – Proud to be a honky woman

* Scott McKenzie – San Francisco (Oldie: Beat Club Nov. 1967)

* Alex Welsh and his Jazzband -

Musikladen 12

20.03.1974

* Dutch Swing College Band -

* Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show – At the freaker’s ball

* Alexis Korner – Hey, Good Lookin’

* War – Baby brother

* Alexis Korner – Midnight special

* Dave Brubeck – Circadian Dysrhythmia

* Schubert & Black – Versöhnung never

* Kiki Dee – Amouruse

* Dutch Swing College Band & Teddy Wilson – Honeysuckle rose

* The Walker Brothers – The sun ain’t gonna shine anymore (Oldie: Okt. 1966)

* Dutch Swing College Band – Riverboat suffer

Musikladen 13

14.04.1974

* Benny Waters & Trevor Richards Trio & Marie-Ange Martin – Avalon

* New York City – Quick, fast, in a hurry

* Stealers Wheel – Stars

* Benny Waters & Trevor Richards Trio & Marie-Ange Martin – Some of these days

* Terry Jacks – Seasons in the sun

* Schobert + Black – Schnadahüpferl

* Bobbie Wright + The Tennessee Mountain Boys – Everybody needs a rainbow

* Manfred Mann’s Earth Band – Buddha

* Sonny & Cher – Little man (Olide)

* Karl Dall -

* Bobby Wright & The Tennessee Mountain Boys & The Kitty Wells Family – I see the light

Musikladen 14

15.05.1974

* Mungo Jerry – All right, all right, all right

* David Cassidy – Rock me baby

* Kenny Ball and The Jazzmen – Entertainer

* Lesley Duncan – My soul

* Mungo Jerry – Long legged woman dressed in black

* Lionel Hampton – Won’t you come along with me

* Schubert & Black – Ich und die kranke Umwelt

* Wilma Reading – There is something about you

* Hudson Ford – Crying Blues

* Donovan – Catch the wind (Oldie: Mrz. 1965)

* Kenny Ball and The Jazzmen – Shine

Musikladen 15

13.11.1974

* America – Mad dog

* Kin Ping Meh – Good Time Gracie

* Randy Newman – Old Kentutchy home

* Roxy Music – All I want is you

* Ike & Tina Turner – Get it on

* Insterburg & Co. – Der Nachbar von Nebenan

* Insterburg & Co. – Völkerverbindendes Lied

* Insterburg & Co. – Das wird ein Hit

* Van Morrison – Bulbs

* The Sweet – Turn it down

* Bachmann Turner Overdrive – You ain’t seen nothing yet

* Mountain Village Jazzmen – I’ve got the feeling I’m falling

* Dave Davies – Death of a clown (Oldie: Jul. 1967)

Musikladen 16

18.12.1974

* Kenny Ball & The Jazzmen – The Entertainer

* Turk Murphy and His Frisco Jazzband – Fifty miles in San Francisco

* Johnny Winter – Boney Maroney

* McGuinness Flint – C’est la vie

* Freddy King – Shake your Bootie

* Schobert + Black – Die Fernsehshow

* The World’s Greatest Jazzband – South Rampart Street Parade

* Leo Sayer – Long tall glasses

* Kiki Dee Band – I got the music in me

* Wilma Reading – You can have a party

* The Cream – Strange brew (Oldie: Beat Club Mai 1967)

* Turk Murphy and His Frisco Jazzband – When you’re smiling

Musikladen 17

05.02.1975

* Die Wühlmäuse – Kabarettprogramm

* Jaap Dekker Boogie Set – Stumping horses

* Little feat – Oh Atlanta

* Billy Preston – Nothing from nothing

* George Baker Selection – Little Paraguayo

* John Simon’s One-Man-Band – What I say

* Tommy Fortmann – Try again

* Ohio Players – Fire

* Stephanie de Sykes – Only love

* Sparks – Something for the girl with everything

* The Kinks – Mr. Pleasant (Oldie: Beat Club Mai 1967)

* Jaap Dekker Boogie Set – Soul Boogie No. 1

Musikladen 18

30.04.1975

* Jaap Dekker Boogie Set -

* Chris Barber’s Jazzband – Take the A train

* Bachmann Turner Overdrive – You ain’t seen nothing yet

* Duane Eddy – Peter Gunn

* Bay City Rollers – Bye bye baby

* Insterburg + Co. – Sexy Marie

* Insterburg + Co. – Geige

* Insterburg + Co. – Durchmarsch

* Osmonds – Rock ‘n’ Roll medley

* Joey Dyser – Onehundred years

* Bachmann Turner Overdrive – Rollin’ down the highway

* Duane Eddy – Play me like you play your guitar

* Manfred Mann – Mighty quinn (Oldie: März 1968)

* Chris Barber’s Jazzband – Midnight special

Musikladen 19

11.06.1975

* Barrel House Jazzband – Rebecca

* Johnny Rodriguez – Hey Mal Yo

* Jerry Naylor – Is This All There Is To A Honky Tonk

* Sailor – Sailor

* Billy Preston – Struttin’

* Bachmann Turner Overdrive – Hey You

* Jimmy Walker – Behind closed doors

* Dizzy Man’s Band – The opera

* Bill Clifton – Turn your radio on

* Hank the Knife and the Jets – Guitar King

* George Baker Selection – Una paloma blanca

* Raymond Froggatt – Calow la vita (Oldie: Juli. 1968)

* Barrel House Jazzband – Monia moners

Musikladen 20

20.08.1975

* 10cc – I’m not in love

* Spooky & Sue – You Talk Too Much

* Zenda Jacks – Earthquake

* Bay City Rollers – Give a little love

* Johnny Cash – Tears on my pillow

* Rubettes – Foe-dee-oh-dee

* The Cats – Like a Spanish song

* Paper Lace – So what I am

* ABBA – S.O.S.

* Roger Glover – Love is all

* Creedence Clearwater Revival – Proud Mary (Oldie: März 1969)

* The Seekers – Sparrow song

* The Seekers – Let’s break this chains

Musikladen 21

30.08.1975 (Live IFA 1975)

* Tumbleweeds – Reno

* Alexis Korner – One Scotch, one Burbon, one beer

* Alexis Korner – Slow down

* Alexis Korner – Diamonds in the rough

* Alexis Korner – Get off of my cloud

* Bill Clifton & The Echo Mountain Band – Sunny side of life

* Bill Clifton & The Echo Mountain Band – Come by the hills

* Bill Clifton & The Echo Mountain Band – The lonely heart Blues

* Bill Clifton & The Echo Mountain Band – Going to Scotland

* Bill Clifton & The Echo Mountain Band – Liberty

* Toumbleweeds – California cotton fields

* Toumbleweeds – Somewhere between

* Toumbleweeds – Me and Bobby McGhee

* Bill Clifton & Alexis Korner – Praise the lord

* Bill Clifton & Alexis Korner – I see the light

Musikladen 22

15.10.1975

* Typically Tropical – Barbados

* Afric Simone – Ramaya

* Alain Barrière & Noëlle Cordier – Tu t’en vas

* Showaddywaddy – Rock and Roll music

* Showaddywaddy – Three steps to heaven

* Smokie – If you think you know how to love me

* Mariska Veres – Take me high

* Freddie King – Boogie bump

* Gloria Gaynor – Do it yourself

* The Drifters – There goes my first love

* The Hollies – Jennifer Eccles (Oldie: Beat Club Apr. 1968)

* George Baker Selection – Morning sky

Musikladen 23

17.11.1975

* Fox – He’s got magic

* Bay City Rollers – Money, honey

* Bonnie St. Claire & Unit Gloria – Rocco (don’t go)

* Billie Jo Spears – Blanket on the ground

* The Strange Creek Singers – Bugle call Rag

* Mud – L’ L’ Lucy

* Brotherhood Of Man – Kiss me, kiss your baby

* Hank The Knife & The Jets – Stan the gunman -

* Natalie Cole – This will be

* Ike & Tina Turner – Delila’s power

* Johnny Cash – I walk the line (Oldie: 1955 – Aufnahme 1972)

* Nat Gonella & Ted Easton’s Jazzband – Oh Mona

Musikladen 24

22.12.1975

* Showaddywaddy – Heartbeat

* Black Blood – A.I.E.

* Smokie – Don’t play your Rock ‘n’ Roll to me

* Teach-In – Goodbye love

* Esther Phillips – What a diff’rence a day makes

* Pussycat – Mississippi

* Piet Veerman – Rollin’ on a river

* Etta Cameron – I’m a woman

* The Walker Brothers – No regrets

* Long Tall Ernie & The Shakers – Operator, operator get me a line

* The Seekers – Love Isn’t Love Until You Give It Away

* Bee Gees – New York mining disaster 1941 (Oldie: Beat Club Mai 1967)

* The Seekers – Break this chance

1976–1978

Musikladen 25

06.03.1976

* Two man sound – Charly Brown

* Ferrari – Sailor boy

* ABBA – Mamma mia

* Sailor – Glass of champagne

* George Baker Selection – Send me your pillow

* George Baker Selection – Open up your heart

* Shaun Cassidy – Morning girl

* Jackie Carter – Treat me like a woman

* Steeleye Span – All around my hat

* Surprise Sisters – La Booga Rooga

* The Walkers – I wasn’t born in Tennessee

* Kristine – Devil woman

* Middle Of The Road – Everybody loves a winner

* Gerard Lenorman – La ballade des gens heureux

* Martha Reeves – Higher and higher

* Sailor – Girls girls girls

* ABBA – Fernando

* The Small Faces – Itchycoo Park (Oldie: Beat Club 1967)

* Ferrari – Woogie Boogie

Musikladen 26

29.05.1976

* Billy Ocean – Love really hurts without you

* Roberta Kelly – Love power

* Nazareth – Love hurts

* Die Goldene 11 – Ein Kuß nach Ladenschluß

* Die Goldene 11 – Ich laß mir meinen Körper schwarz bepinseln

* Amanda Lear – La Bagarre

* Barbara Dickson – People get ready

* Pussycat – Mississippi

* Pussycat – Georgie

* Billy Swan – Just want to taste you wine

* Dr. Jaeger – Passkontrolle

* Andrea True Connection – More, More, More

* Anita Meyer – The alternative way

* Rod Stewart – Tonight’s the night

* The Jimi Hendrix Expierence – Hey Joe (Oldie)

* Rudolf Rock & Die Schocker – Sexy hexy

* Rudolf Rock & Die Schocker – Steiler Zahn

* Rudolf Rock & Die Schocker – Wir machen ‘ne Party

Musikladen 27

21.08.1976 (The best of ABBA)

* ABBA – Waterloo

* ABBA – Honey honey

* ABBA – Tropical loveland

* ABBA – S.O.S.

* ABBA – Chiquitita (1979)

* ABBA – Rock me

* ABBA – Dancing queen

* ABBA – Mamma mia

* ABBA – I’ve been waiting for you

* ABBA – Take a chance on me (Am laufenden Band 1978)

* ABBA – Fernando

* ABBA – So long

Musikladen 28

18.09.1976

* ABBA – Dancing queen

* Black Blood – Kirie Kirio

* Hank Mizell – Jungle Rock

* Madâme – Do it now

* Freddy Fender – Wasted days and wasted nights

* David Dundas – Jeans on

* Suzi Quatro – Tear me apart

* Sutherland Brothers & Quiver – Arms of Mary

* Edwin Starr – Accident

* Gilly Mason – Everyday I Have To Cry

* Fredl Fesl – Fußball-Lied/ Glockensong

* Bill Amesbury – Sugar Pie

* Showaddywaddy – Trocadero

* Dana – Fairytale

* Boney M. – Daddy cool

* Dave Edmunds – Here comes the weekend

* Sailor – Cool breeze

* The Equals – I Won’t Be There (Oldie)

* Sailor – Stiletto heels

Musikladen 29

16.10.1976

* Johnny Wakelin – In Zaire

* Spooky & Sue – You’ve Got What It Takes

* Billy Ocean – L.O.D.

* The Real Thing – Can’t get by without you

* Steve Harley – Here comes the sun

* Tina Charles – Dance little lady dance

* Twiggy – Appalachian Boy

* Pussycat – Smile

* Air Bubble – Racing Car

* Long Tall Ernie & The Shakers – Alright

* Roger Whittaker – Indian lady

* Leo Sayer – You make me feel like dancing

* La Belle – Lady marmalade / Get you somebody new

* Steppenwolf – Born To Be Wild (Oldie)

* The Beatles – Paperback Writer (Video)

* Twiggy – Here I go again

* Ferrari – Monza

Musikladen 30

11.12.1976

* Ebony – Don’t Boogie Mr. Tango

* BZN – Mon amour

* Etta Cameron – Wild widow

* Sherbet – Howzat

* Frédéric François – Fanny, Fanny (Chicago)

* Joe Dunnet & The New Renegades – Cadillac

* Teach In – Upside down

* Paul Nicholas – Dancing with the captain

* Heart – Magic man

* Yancey – Making music for money

* Sutherland Brothers & Quiver – Secrets

* Boney M. – Sunny

* Cat Stevens – Lady d’Arbanville

* The Who – Substitute

* The Sweet – Lost angels

Musikladen 31

12.02.1977

* Levelets – He, comment ça va

* Patricia Paay – Who’s that lady

* Champagne – Rock ‘n Roll star

* Heather Mae – Keep On Dancin’

* Bonnie Tyler – Lost in France

* The Manhattans – Kiss and say goodbye

* The Manhattans – Kind-a miss you

* Jeanette ¿Porque te vas? -

* Kursaal Flyers – Little does she know

* Puhdys – Wenn ein Mensch lebt (LP-Tip)

* Puhdys – Reise zum Mittelpunkt der Erde

* Amanda Lear – Blood and honey

* David Dundas – Jeans on

* David Dundas – Another funny honeymoon

* Thelma Houston – Don’t leave me this way

* Robin Gibb – Saved By The Bell (Oldie: Beat Club 1969)

* Ritchie Family – Life is music

* Ritchie Family – Best disco in town

Musikladen 32

26.03.1977

* Dream Express – 1-2-3 in a million

* Pastell – Sentimental song

* Emmylou Harris – C’est la vie

* Billy Ocean – Red light

* Crystal Palace – Take it all

* Margaret Cowie – Cathedrals

* Hall & Oates – Rich girl (LP-Tip)

* BZN – Don’t say goodbye

* 5000 Volts – Light The Flame Of Love

* Monika Hauff & Klaus-Dieter Hankler – Als ich Dich heute wiedersah

* Heatwave – Boogie nights

* Art Sullivan & Kiki – Et si tu pars

* Chris Spedding – Pogo dancing

* Marilin McCoo & Billy Davis Jr. – You don’t have to be a star

* The Hollies – Sorry Suzanne

* Rudolf Rock & Die Schocker – Yakety yak

* Rudolf Rock & Die Schocker – Mein Hobby heißt Bobby

Musikladen 33

21.05.1977

* Dead End Kids – Have I the right

* Al Sharp – I’m never gonna leave you

* Roberta Kelly – Zodiacs

* Dolly Parton – Jolene

* Baccara – Yes sir, I can Boogie

* Twiggy – Rings

* Pussycat – My broken souvenirs

* The Cats – Save The Last Dance

* Tony Joe White – Swamp Boogie

* Don Gibson – It’s all over

* The Four Seasons – Down The Hall

* Boney M. – Ma Baker

* Yvonne Elliman – Love me

* The Four Seasons – Rag doll

* The Jacksons – Enjoy yourself

* George Baker Selection – Beautiful rose

Musikladen 34

13.08.1977

* Mr. Walkie Talkie – Be my Boogie Woogie baby

* Luv’ – My man

* Etta Cameron – You gotta move

* Laurent Voulzy – Rockcollection

* Showaddywaddy – You’ve got what it takes

* Jennifer – Do it for me

* Bonnie Tyler – Heaven

* Paul Nicholas – Heaven’s On The 7th Floor

* Dana – Put some words together

* Pretty Maid Company – Nina, pretty ballerina

* Amanda Lear – Queen of Chinatown

* Heart – Barracuda (LP-Tip: aus «Little queen»)

* Baccara – Sorry, I’m a lady

* Tina Charles – Falling in love with summertime

* Don Gibson – Oh, Lonesome Me (Oldie)

* Veronica Unlimited – What kind of dance is this?

Musikladen 35

08.10.1977

* La Belle Epoque – Black is black

* Teach-In – See the sun

* Luan Peters – Love countdown

* Dr. Hook – Walk right in

* Lesley Hamilton – Lover man

* Peter McCann – Do you wanna make love

* Leroy Gomez – Don’t let me be misunderstood

* Jeanette – Porque voy cambiar

* Cliff Nelson – Circles

* Freddy Lancee – Rock ‘n’ Roll heart

* Graham Bonnet – It’s all over now, Baby Blue

* Sheila – Love me baby

* Elkie Brooks – Pearl’s a singer (LP-Tip)

* Smokie – Needles and pins

* Boney M. – Belfast

* Amen Corner – Bend Me, Shape Me (Oldie)

* Long Tall Ernie & The Shakers – Do you remember

Musikladen 36

03.12.1977

* The Lovemachine – Funky tambourine

* Cherry Vanilla – The Punk

* Al Sharp – One third love, two thirds pain

* Showaddywaddy – Dancing party

* Hearthermae – You don’t need me

* Dead End Kids – Glad all over

* Carl Douglas – Run back

* The Runaways – Schooldays

* Eruption – I can’t stand the rain

* Noosha Fox – Georgina Bailey

* Roxy Music – Virginia plain (LP-Tip: aus «Greatest hits»)

* La Bande a Basile – Les Chansons Françaises

* Pussycat – If you ever come to Amsterdam

* The Beach Boys – Surfin’ U.S.A. (Oldie)

* Café Crème – Unlimited Citations – The Beatles Disco Medley

Musikladen 37

19.01.1978

* Tom Robinson Band – 2-4-6-8 motorway

* Bonnie Tyler – It’s a heartache

* Patrick Gammon – Satisfaction

* Patricia Paay – Livin’ without you

* Panama – Nights in white satin

* Maxine Nightingale – Will you be my lover

* Jack Jersey – She was dynamite

* Art Sullivan & Kiki – L’amour à la Française

* Blondie – X offender (LP-Tip)

* Sheila & B. Devotion – Singing in the rain

* Baccara – Darling

* Johnny Cash – Jackson (Oldie: Sep. 1972)

* Tina Turner – Acid queen

Musikladen 38

23.03.1978

* Darts – Come back my love

* Judy Cheeks – Mellow login’

* The Pirates – Gibson Martin Fender

* Vivian Arden – Faisons l’amour

* Plastic Bertrand – Ça plane pour moi

* Grace Jones – La vie en rose

* Suzi Quatro – If you can’t give me love

* Amanda Lear – Follow me

* Blondie – Denis

* Boney M. – By the rivers of Babylon

* Pat Hall – La la jump

* The Bee Gees – I’ve gotta get a message to you (Oldie: Beat Club Nov. 1968)

* Raffaela Carrà – Tanti auguri

Musikladen 39

01.06.1978

* Valentino – Evening in Calais

* Vanessa Di Selva – Money Love

* American Eagles – Kokka (Amor, amor)

* Timothy Touchton – I love you more than my wife

* La Bionda – One for you, one for me

* Lesley Hamilton – No Hollywood movie

* Marie LaForet – Harmonie

* Gilla – Bend me, shape me

* Meat Loaf – You took the words right out of my mouth (LP-Tip: aus «Bat out of hell»)

* Baccara – Parlez-vous Français (Version française)

* Sailor – All I need is a girl

* Michael Zager Band – Let’s all chant

* Nadine Expert – I wanna be a Rolling Stone

* Pretty Maid Company – In the mood

* Amen Corner – (If Paradise Is) Half As Nice (Oldie)

* Pussycat – The same old song

* Showaddywaddy – I wonder why

Musikladen 40

13.06.1978 (Revue 1977/78)

* Eruption – I can’t stand the rain

* Leroy Gomez – Don’t let me be misunderstood

* Grace Jones – La vie en rose

* Elkie Brooks – Pearl’s a singer

* Smokie – Needles and pins

* Bonnie Tyler – Heaven – It’s a heartache

* Suzi Quatro – If you can’t give me love

* La Bionda – One for you, one for me

* Sheila & B. Devotion – Love me baby – Singing in the rain

* Plastic Bertrand – Ça plane pour moi

* Amanda Lear – Queen of Chinatown

* Meat Loaf – You took the words right out of my mouth

* Boney M. – Belfast – Rivers of Babylon

* Tina Turner – Acid queen

Musikladen 41

21.09.1978

* Antonia – La Bamba

* Ritchie Family – American generation

* Eruption – Leave a light

* Marc Seaberg – Looking for freedom

* Clout – Substitute

* Plastic Bertrand – Bambino

* Luv’ – You’re the greatest lover

* Ramones – Sheena is a Punkrocker (LP-Tip: aus «Rocket to Russia»)

* The Surfers – Windsurfing

* Blondie – (I’m touched by your) Presence, dear

* Sheila & B. Devotion – You light me fire

* Bachman Turner Overdrive – You ain’t seen nothing yet (Oldie: Musikladen Nov. 1974)

* Boney M. – Rasputin

Musikladen 42

16.11.1978

* Ramona Wulf – Parlez-moi d’amour

* Rhonda – He’s the one

* Girlie – Andy

* The Platters – Only you ’78

* Bonnie Tyler – My guns are loaded

* Baccara – The devil sent you to Lorado

* Renee – Sweet nothings

* Tom Cunningham – Don’t you cry

* Amanda Lear – The Sphinx

* Mistral – Neon city

* Snoopy – No time for a Tango

* Karen Cheryl – Sing to me mama

* Sonny & Cher – Then he kissed me (Oldie: Beat Club Sep. 1966)

* Village People – Y.M.C.A.

Musikladen 43

14.12.1978

* Zebra Crossing – We’re going places

* Alicia Bridges – I love the night life

* La Bionda – Baby make love

* Dan Hartman – Instant reply

* Super – Gigolo

* Clout – You’ve got all of me

* Emly Starr – No no sheriff

* Jimmy «Bo» Home – Let me (be your lover)

* Patricia Paay – Malibu

* Luv’ – Trojan horse

* Chilly – For your love

* Romy Haag – Super paradise

* Lindsey de Paul – Sugar me (Oldie: Musikladen Aug. 1972)

* Teach In – Dear John

1979–1981

Musikladen 44

25.01.1979

* Dollar – Shooting star

* Rocky Sharpe & The Replays – Rama lama ding dong

* Lesley Hamilton – You gotta move

* Steve Collins – Life is a game

* Pointer Sisters – Angry eyes

* Chíc – Le freak

* Rachel Sweet – B-A-B-Y

* Loredana Bertè – Dedicato

* Darts – Get it

* Sarah Brightman & Hot Gossip – I lost my heart to a starship trooper

* D. D. Sound – 1-2-3-4 gimme some more

* The Jacksons – Blame it on the Boogie

* The Sweet – Teenage rampage (Oldie: Musikladen Feb. 1974)

* Hansje – Silex pistols piew piew

Musikladen 45

22.03.1979

* Blondie – Heart of glass

* Gloria Gaynor – I will survive

* Sheila B. Devotion – Seven lonely days

* Renee – Whole lotta shakin’ goin’ on

* Luv’ – All you need is Luv

* ABBA – Chiquitita

* The Sweet – Call me

* Clout – Save me

* Gerard Kenny – New York, New York

* Amanda Lear – Fashion pack

* Tina Turner – Viva la money

* Rolling Stones – We love you (Oldie: Aug. 1967)

* Boney M. – Holiday

* Village People – In the Navy

Musikladen 46

17.05.1979

* Saragossa Band – Rasta man

* Moulin Rouge – Holiday

* Bay City Rollers – Turn on the radio

* Belle Epoque – Jump down

* Suzi Quatro – Don’t change my luck

* Dana – Something’s cookin’ in the kitchen

* Champagne – That’s life

* Joe Tex – Loose caboose

* Baccara – Body talk

* Luv’ – Casanova

* M – Pop muzik

* Romy Haag – Showtime

* Gibson Brothers – Cuba

* Walker Brothers – Land of a Thousand Dances (Oldie: Mai 1966)

* Teach In – The robot

Musikladen 47

12.07.1979

* Blondie – Sunday girl

* First Choice – Great expectations

* Edwin Star – H.A.P.P.Y. radio

* Ironhorse – Sweet Lui-Louise

* Tata Vega – I just keep thinking about you

* Blonde on Blonde – Whole lotta love

* Kevin Keegan – Head over heels in love

* Gaby – I’m a lover not a fighter

* Dolly Dots – (Tell it all about) Boys

* Theo Vaness – As long as it’s love

* A la Carte – When the boys come home

* Tina Turner – Root, toot, undisputable Rock ‘n’ Roller

* New Riders of the Purple Sage – Hello Mary Lou (Oldie: Mai 1972)

* Boney M. – Gotta go home

Musikladen 48

30.08.1979 (Live IFA Berlin)

* Teenager – Birthday

* Al Hudson & The Partners – You can do it

* Moulin Rouge – Lonely days

* Patrick Hernandez & Hervé Tholance – Back to Boogie

* Nick Straker Band – Walk in the park

* Smokie – Do to me

* Ritchie Family – Where are the men

* Linda Clifford – Bridge over troubled water

* Ebony – The Locomotion

* Clout – Under fire

* Luv’ – Eeny meeny miny moe

* Cheetah – Deeper than love

* Karen Cheryl – Show me you’re man enough

* Terry Jacks – Seasons in the sun (Oldie: Musikladen Mrz. 1974)

* Hansje – Automobile

Musikladen 49

18.10.1979

* 2plus1 – Easy come, easy go

* Debbie Jacobs – Undercover lover

* Sister Sledge – Lost in music

* Chic – My forbidden lover

* Suzi Quatro – She’s in love with you

* Chilly – Come to L.A.

* Motels – Closets & bullets

* Sylvie Vartan – I don’t want the night to end

* Wilson Pickett – Groove city

* Lene Lovich – Bird song

* Bette Midler – My knight in black leather

* The Who – Pictures of Lilly (Oldie: Apr. 1967)

* Dschinghis Khan – Rocking son of Dschinghis Khan (English version)

Musikladen 50

13.12.1979

* Showaddywaddy – A night at Daddy Gees

* Lew Lewis Reformer – Win Or Loose

* Luis Fernandez – Dead End Street

* Ritchie Family – Put your feet to the beat

* Charlie Daniels Band – The devil went down to Georgia

* Bonnie Tyler – I believe in your sweet love

* Cherie & Marie Currie – Since you’ve been gone

* Village People – Ready for the ’80s

* Lena Martell – One day at a time

* Robert Palmer – What’s it take

* Luv’ – Ooh, yes I do

* Sheila B. Devotion – Spacer

* Clout – Oowatanite

* Boney M. – I’m born again

* Tim Curry – I do the Rock

* Scott McKenzie – San Francisco (Oldie: Beat Club 1967)

* Racey – Such a night

Musikladen 51

17.01.1980

* Citizen Band – Spirit in the sky

* Emily Woods – Ak-shun

* Gibson Brothers – Que sera mi vida

* Madness – One step beyond

* Babe – Wonderboy

* Monotones – Mono

* Sugarhill Gang – Rapper’s delight

* Rachel Sweet – Baby let’s play house

* Specials – A message to you Rudi

* Fiddler’s Dram – Day trip to Bangor

* Marianne Faithfull – The ballad of Lucy Jordan

* Earth + Fire – Weekend

* Angie Bee – Plastic Doll

* A la Carte – Doctor, doctor

* Citizen Gang – Womanly way

* Ike & Tina Turner – Nutbush city limits (Oldie: Dez. 1973)

* Matchbox – Rockabilly rebel

Musikladen 52

10.04.1980

* Ebony – Everything will turn out fine

* Renée – If you wanna be a Rock ‘n‘ Roller

* Charlie Dore – Pilot of the airwaves

* Boney M. – I see a boat on the river

* Clout – Portable radio

* Herman Brood and his Wild Romance – Hot shot

* Joe Bataan – Rap-o clap-o

* The Police – So lonely

* Veterans – There ain’t age for Rock ‘n’ Roll

* Bellamy Brothers – Dancin’ cowboys

* Kenny Rogers – Coward of the County

* Luv’ – Ann-Maria

* New Musik – Living By Numbers

* The Knack – I want ya

* Godley & Creme – An Englishman in New York

* Marti Webb – Take that look off your face

* Typically Tropical – Barbados (Oldie: Okt. 1975)

* Matchbox – Buzz buzz a diddle it

Musikladen 53

22.05.1980

* The Boys – You better move on

* Suzanne Fellini – Love on the phone

* Garland Jeffreys – Matador

* The Vapors – Turning Japanese

* Maywood – Mother how are you today?

* The Monkees – Daydream believer (Video)

* Desmond Dekker – Israelites 1980

* Barbara Dickson – January, February

* Sky – Toccata

* Captain & Tennille – Do that to me one more time

* Singing Blue Jeans – Whole lotta trouble

* Dalida – Il faut danser Reggae

* Dave Dee & Co. – Zabadak (Oldie: Beat Club Nov. 1967)

* Eruption – Go Johnny go

Musikladen 54

19.06.1980

* A la Carte – Do wah diddy diddy

* Gibson Brothers – Mariana

* The Days – Teacher, teacher

* Oscar Harris – Song for the children

* Matchbox – Midnite dynamos

* Jona Lewie – Kitchen at parties

* Jimmy Ruffin – Hold on to my love

* Paul McCartney – Coming up (Video)

* Pretenders – Brass in pocket

* Marianne Faithful – Broken English

* Roxy Music – Over you

* Lipps Inc. – Funkytown

* Johnny Cash – Sunday morning coming down (Oldie: 1972)

* Showaddywaddy – Always & ever

Musikladen 55

11.09.1980

* Arabesque – Take me don’t break me

* Odyssey – Use it up and wear it out

* Saragossa Band – Ginger red

* Precious Wilson – Cry to me

* Ami Stewart & Johnny Bristol – My guy – my girl

* Boney M. – Children of paradise

* Sugar & The Lollipops – I can dance

* David Bowie – Ashes to Ashes (Video)

* Monotones – Zero to zero

* Maywood – Late at night

* Hoyt Axton – Della and the dealer

* Carlene Carter & Dave Edmunds – Baby ride easy

* Judge Dread – Big six

* Isetta Preston – Woman behind the man

* Marti Webb – Your ears should be burning now

* Small Faces – Tin soldier (Oldie: Beat Club Dez. 1967)

* Cliff Richard – Dreamin’

* The Piranhas – Tom Hark

Musikladen 56

09.10.1980

* The Brothers Johnson – Light up the night

* Dr. Feelgood – No mo do yakomo

* Hazel O’Connor – Eighth day

* Roxy Music – Oh yeah

* Smokie – Run to me

* Bibi Andersen – Call me lady Champagne

* The Pinups – New Wave lover

* Jona Lewie – Big shot

* Shakin’ Stevens – Marie, Marie

* Babe – The kiss

* Kelly Marie – Feels like I’m in love

* ABBA – Waterloo (Oldie: 1974)

* The Beatles – Penny Lane

* Dolly Dots – Hela-di-ladi-lo

Musikladen 57

13.11.1980

* Weltons – Sweet Rock ‘n’ Roller

* Kool and The Gang – Celebration

* Matchbox – When you ask about love

* Ebony – Reflections

* Luv’ – My number one

* Dr. Hook – Girls can get it

* Boomtown Rats – Banana republic

* Gibson Brothers – Latin America

* Rod Stewart – Passion

* Clout – The best of me

* Showaddywaddy – Why do lovers break each other’s heart

* Dave Dudley – George and the Northwoods

* Billy Swan – I can help (Oldie: 1974)

* BZN – Rockin’ the trolls

Musikladen 58

11.12.1980

* Silvio – I’m your son, South America

* The Block – Dance all night

* Teddy Girls – Mama

* Barclay James Harvest – Life is for living

* Maywood – Give me back my love

* Kelly Marie – Loving just for fun

* Sean Tyla – Breakfast in Marin (Video)

* Bellamy Brothers – Lovers live longer

* Sommerset – Mi amor

* Hoyt Axton – A rusty old halo

* Telly Savalas – Some broken hearts never mend

* Bad Manners – Special brew

* Boney M. – Felicidad

* John Lennon – Give peace a chance (Video)

Musikladen 59

15.01.1981

* The Days – Stick in between

* The Gap Band – Burn rubber

* Chrissy – Mark my words

* Saskia & Serge – Mama he’s a soldier now

* Bisquit – Roller Boogie

* Arabesque – Marigot bay

* The Shadows – Equinoxe (Part V)

* Motörhead – Ace of Spades

* Queen – Flash

* Rettore – Kobra

* Darts – Peaches

* David Dundas – Jeans on (Oldie: Musikladen Sep. 1976)

* Joe «King» Carrasco & The Crowns – Buena

Musikladen 60

12.02.1981

* Hot Shot – Fire in the night

* Coast to Coast – (Do) the Hucklebuck

* La Toya Jackson – If you feel the funk

* Robert Palmer – Looking for clues

* Rod Stewart – Oh god, I wish I was home tonight

* Doris D. & The Pins – Shine up

* Lio – Amoureux solitaires

* Visages – Fade to grey

* Tenpole Tudor – 3 bells in a row

* Emmylou Harris – Mister Sandman

* Status Quo – Lies

* Andy Gibb – Time is time

* The Yankees – Halbstark (Oldie: Beat Club 1965)

* Suzi Quatro – Glad all over

Musikladen 61

19.03.1981

* The Look – I am the beat

* Kelly Marie – Hot love

* Le Angeli – Easy loving, easy living

* Eruption – Runaway

* Billy Preston – Hope

* Sister Sledge – All American girls

* Roger Whittaker – Don’t fight

* Steve Winwood – While you see a chance (Video)

* Kim Wilde – Kids in America

* Telly Savalas – Sweet surprise

* Maywood – Distant love

* The Police – De dododo de dadada

* Donovan – Atlantis (Oldie: Beat Club Feb. 1969)

* Joe Dolce – Shaddap you face

Musikladen 62

30.04.1981

* Matchbox – Babe’s in the wood

* Bonnie Jack – Hey, Mary Ann

* Hazel O’Connor – Writing on the wall

* Pam Rose – The book of you and me

* The Fools – Running scared

* Linda Williams – I’m the lady

* Mike Oldfield – Wonderful land (Video)

* Motörhead & Girlschool – Please Don’t Touch

* Trix – Fantasy

* James Brown – Rapp payback

* Dolly Dots – Leila

* The Who – Substitute (Oldie: 1966)

* Shakin’ Stevens – This ole house

Musikladen 63

04.06.1981

* The Duanes – You can’t keep hanging on

* Honey Pipers – Sunday night, Monday night

* Yvonne Wilkins – The melody plays

* Ricchi & Poveri – Sara perche ti amo

* Fisher-Z – Marliese

* The Tubes – Talk to ya later

* Kim Wilde – Chequered love

* Commander Cody – Lose it tonight

* Lady J. Dalton – Hillbilly girl with the Blues

* Hoyt Axton – Evangelina

* Loretta Goggi – Maldetta Primavera

* Boney M. – Consuela Biaz

* Baccara – Colorado

* Dire Straits – Romeo & Juliet

* Tenpole Tudor – Swords of a 1000 men

* Pat Boone – (Medley)

* Gene Pitney – Something’s Gotten Hold of My Heart (Oldie)

* Sugar & The Lollipops – Dancing dynamo

Musikladen 64 (Live aus dem “Theater des Westens” in Berlin)

10.09.1981

* Coast to Coast – Let’s jump the broomstick

* Odyssey – Going back to my Roots

* Arabesque – In for a Penny

* Hot Shot – I‘m on Fire

* Slade – We’ll bring the house down

* Doll by Doll – Main travelled Roads

* Toyah – I want to be free

* Ronnie Spector – Darlin’

* Shakin’ Stevens – Green door

* Rocky Sharpe & The Replays – Never be anyone else but you

* Helen Schneider & The Kick – Rock ‘n’ Roll gypsy

* Motörhead – Motorhead

* ELO – Hold on tight (Video)

* Kirsty MacColl – There’s a guy works down the chip shop, swears he’s Elvis

* Pussycat – Teenage queenie

* Maywood – Rio

* Trix – C‘est la Vie

* Kim Wilde – Water on glass

* Get Wet – Just so lonely

* Le Angeli – Hello, Mr. Businessman

* Heidi Brühl – You are a part of my heart

* Telly Savalas – Lovin’ understandin’ man

* Rod Stewart – Tonight’s the night (Oldie: Musikladen Mai. 1976)

* Matchbox – Love‘s made a Fool of you

* Freddy Cannon – Way down yonder in New Orleans

Musikladen 65

15.10.1981

* Ribbons & Lace – You’re not like anyone

* Spargo – Just for you

* Dolly Dots – P.S.

* Juan Pardo – No me hables

* Al Bano & Romina Power – Sharazan

* Rachel Sweet – And then he kissed me / Be my baby

* Adam & The Ants – Prince charming (Video)

* Sheila – Little darlin’

* Kool and the Gang – Take my heart

* Olivia Newton-John – Physical

* Cliff Richard – Wired for sound

* ABBA – S.O.S (Oldie: Musikladen August 1975)

* Bad Manners – Can Can

Musikladen Extra – German Edition # 3

07.11.1981

* Bobtail – …grüßt den Rest der Welt

* Frank Ford – Tür zu

* Lisa Salzer – Die Musik verklingt

* Cindy & Bert – San Bernardino

* Vicky Leandros – Ich weiss, dass Liebe lebt

* Ricky King – Hale, Hey Louise

* Nina & Mike – Carribbian Disco-Show

* Dunja Rajter – Spürst du nicht, wie glücklich ich bin

* Lonzo – Mama ist cool

* Günther Willumeit – Sieben Mark im Monat

* Jürgen von der Lippe – Parodien von Udo Lindenberg und Gunter Gabriel

* Mike Krüger – M-M-Mädel

* Karl Dall – Der älteste Popper in der Stadt

* Normaal – Was war gestern los

* Ted Herold – Gib´dein Ziel nimals auf

* Joachim Witt – Goldener Reiter

* Reinhard Mey – Müllmänner-Blues

* Bernhard Brink – Du´entschuldige – ich kenn´dich

* Siw Inger – Keine Angst, das kann man lernen

* Peter Orloff – Der andere

* Andrea Jürgens – Japanese Boy

* Rudi Carrell – Wann wirds mal wieder richtig Sommer (Oldie)

* Dschingis Khan – Wir sitzen alle im selben Boot

* Gottlieb Wendehals – Polonäse Blankenese

Musikladen 66

19.11.1981

* Liza Donegan – Do you love me

* Larry Gatlin & The Gatlin Brothers Band – She used to sing on Sunday

* Calamity Jane – Love wheel

* Freddy Quinn – Get me back to Tennessee

* Bobby Bare – Take me as I am

* Ray Charles – Your cheatin’ heart

* Lacy J. Dalton – Wild turkey

* Mary Ann Hart – Tell me why

* Ronnie McDowell – Older women

* Little River Band – The night owls

* Doris D. & The Pins – The mavellous marionettes

* Diana Ross – Why do fools fall in love (Video)

* Johnny Cash – A boy named sue (Oldie)

* Trini Lopez – Trini’s tunes

Musikladen 67

17.12.1981

* Crazy Cavan & The Rhythm Rockers – Put a light in the window

* Gibson Brothers – Quartier Latin

* Nicky Onidis – Can you light me fire

* John Watts Band – In a different language

* Mink De Ville – Love and emotion

* Melissa – Be my doctor in love affairs

* Altered Images – Happy birthday

* Shakin’ Stevens – It’s raining

* Aneka – Little lady

* Rondo Veneziano – San Marco

* Kim Wilde – Cambodia

* Zager & Evans – In the year 2525 (Oldie: Beat Club 1969)

* The Tremeloes – Tremedley

1982–1984

Musikladen 68

21.01.1982

* A la Carte – Viva torero

* Precious Wilson – I need you

* Keith Marshall – Let me rock you

* JoAnna Forte – Jimi’s Hifi

* Jasmine – Boing-boing

* The Force – Close to a Headline

* Ricchi & Poveri – M’innamoro di te

* Isetta Preston – A soldier died

* Galactic Nomads – Jupiter

* Alvin Stardust – A wonderful time up there

* The Four Tops – Don’t walk away

* Heidi Brühl – No ties no tears

* Bonnie Tyler – Lost in France (Oldie: Musikladen Feb. 1977)

* Saragossa Band – Dance with the Saragossa Band on 45

Musikladen 69

11.03.1982

* Rising Sun – Atlantis town

* Kay Cee Bang – Let the good times Roll

* Anne Bertucci – I’m number one

* Al Bano & Romina Power – Felicita

* Toyah – It’s a mystery

* Kelly Groucutt – Oh, little darling

* Slade – Rock And Roll preacher

* Mobiles – Drowning in Berlin (Video)

* Emmylou Harris – Rose of Cimarron

* Tight Fit – The lion sleeps tonight

* Olivia Newton-John – Make a move on me

* Babe – I’m a Rock machine

* Boney M. – Daddy cool – (Oldie Musikladen Sep. 1976)

* Long Tall Ernie & The Shakers – Alright okay

Musikladen 70

15.04.1982

* Matchbox – 24 hours

* Inner Circle – Something so good

* Altered Images – See those eyes

* Frequencia Mod – Happy everything

* Nona Hendryx – Love is like an itching in my heart

* Shakin’ Stevens – Shirley

* Joan Jett & The Blackhearts – I love Rock ‘n’ Roll

* Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark – Maid of Orleans (Video)

* Melanie – Foolin’ yourself

* Kim Wilde – View from a bridge

* Bill Wyman – A new fashion

* Peter Skellern – You’re a lady (Oldie: Musikladen 1973)

* Dolly Dots – S.T.O.P.

Musikladen 71

20.05.1982

* The Dots – Helen in your headphones

* Gammarock – Fool around

* Blanchard – Bobo Rock

* Le Angeli – Backwards flyer

* Don Williams – Listen to the radio

* A Flock Of Seagulls – I ran

* Brian Chapman – I’d love to want me

* Patrick Hernandez – Non stop

* Marie LaForet – Blanche nuit de satin

* The Dooleys – And I wish

* Valerie Dumas – Une glace avec deux boules

* Spargo – Hip hap hop

* Aneka – Ooh shooby doo doo lang

* Fay Ray – Heatwave

* The Boomtown Rats – House on fire

* Gigi Garner – Heatbraker

* ABBA – Dancing queen (Oldie: Musikladen Aug. 1976)

* Tight Fit – Fantasy island

Musikladen 72

24.06.1982

* Doris D. & The Pins – Jamaica

* K.I.D. – I wanna piece of the action

* Mary Ann Heart – But I might tonight

* Nancy Wood – Turn your love light on

* Bananarama & Fun Boy Three – Really saying something

* Adam Ant – Goody two shoes (Video)

* Joan Jett & The Blackhearts – Crimson and clover

* Sibylle Rauch – So long, goodbye

* David Christie – Saddle up

* Helen Schneider With The Kick – Hot summer nights

* Arabesque – Tall story teller

* Sabado Domingo – Manos arriba

* The Hollies – Sorry Suzanne (Oldie: Beat Club 1969)

* James Lloyd – Limbo la la

Musikladen 73 (Don Williams)

22.07.1982

* Don Williams – The Shelter of your Eyes

* Don Williams – Tulsa Time

* Don Williams – Till the Rivers all run dry

* Don Williams – Some broken Hearts never mend

* Don Williams – Listen to the Radio

* Don Williams – You‘re my best Friend

* Don Williams – (Turn out the Lights and) Love me tonight

* Don Williams – Lord, I hope this Day is good

* Don Williams – Down the Road I go

Musikladen Extra – German Edition #4

21.08.1982

* Die Crackers – Phonhaus

* Clinch – Hallo Vater

* Conny & Jean – Felicita

* Ingrid Peters – Einmal bleibst du hier (German Version of “I won´t let you down” by Ph.D.)

* Wolfgang Petry – Der Himmel brennt

* Klaus Lage – Ich will mein Geld zurück

* Elke Best – Land der Phantasie (German Version of “Land of make Believe” by Bucks Fizz)

* Nena – Nur geträumt

* Kontrast – Zukunft

* Bernd Schütz – Komm, geh mit mir nach Kanada

* Ted Herold – Ready Teddy

* Grobschnitt – Wir wollen leben

* Foyer des Arts – Wissenswertes über Erlangen

* Christian Franke – Was wäre wenn…

* Mary Roos & David Hanselmann – Es ist nie zu spät

* Peter Orloff – Der Barbar

* Katja Ebstein – Leben, nur um mit dir zu leben

* Joachim Witt – Tri Tra Trullala (Herbergsvater)

* Zeltinger – Knochen

* Mike Krüger – J.R.´s Bruder

* Nina & Mike – No me hables

* Ricky King – Fly with me to Malibu

* Didi Hallervorden – Der Würger vom Finanzamt

* Wencke Myhre – Ein Mark für Charly (Oldie)

* Gottlieb Wendehals – Damenwahl

Musikladen 74 (Shakin’ Stevens)

02.09.1982

* Shakin’ Stevens – Mona Lisa

* Shakin’ Stevens – Let me show you how

* Shakin’ Stevens – Hot dog

* Shakin’ Stevens – Marie, Marie

* Shakin’ Stevens – Shirley

* Shakin’ Stevens – Baby you‘re a child

* Shakin’ Stevens – It‘s raining

* Shakin’ Stevens – Que sera

* Shakin’ Stevens – Shake, rattle & Roll

Musikladen 75

30.09.1982

* Avant Garde – Seven days

* The Belle Stars – The clapping song

* Altered Images – Song sung blue

* Rosanna Fratello – …Se t’amo t’amo

* Edward Reekers – The Words to say I love you

* Bow Wow Wow – I want Candy

* Natasha – Iko Iko

* Traks – Long Train running

* Gazebo – Masterpiece

* June Lodge & Prince Mohammed – Someone loves you honey

* Kool and The Gang – Big fun

* Ricchi & Poveri – Piccolo amore

* Tommy Overstreet – Jesus saves

* Haysi Fantayzee – John Wayne is Big Leggy

* Joan Jett & The Blackhearts – Do you wanna touch me

* Helen Schneider with The Kick – Piece of my heart

* F. R. David – Words (Video)

* Kim Carnes – Voyeur

* Albert Hammond – It never rains in Southern California (Oldie: 1973)

* Cliff Richard – It has to be you, it has to be me

Musikladen 76

11.11.1982

* Jose & The Kazoo Band – Kazoo Kazoo

* Spargo – So funny

* Musical Youth – Pass the Dutchie (Video)

* Romeo – Marina

* Nicky Onidis – Baby, I love you

* Rondo Veneziano – La Serenissima (Video)

* Salvo – Sogno romantico

* The Sneekers – It’s all over bar the shoutin’

* Tomas Ledin & Agnetha Fältskog – Never again

* Culture Club – Do you really want to hurt me

* Frida – To turn the stone (Video)

* John Denver – Shanghai breezes

* The Sweet – Teenage rampage (Oldie)

* Shakin’ Stevens – I’ll be satisfied

Musikladen 77

10.02.1983

* Haysi Fantayzee – Shiny, shiny

* Wham! – Young guns (Go for it)

* Melba Moore – Love’s comin’ at ya

* Ricchi E Poveri – Mamma Maria

* A la Carte – Radio

* Yazoo – The other side of love (Video)

* Janet Jackson – Young love

* Earth & Fire – Twenty four hours

* David Christie – Our time has come

* Toni Basil – Mickey (Video)

* Matchbox & Kirsty MacColl – I want out

* Kool & The Gang – Ooh la la (Let’s go dancin´)

* The Casuals – Jesamine (Oldie: 1968)

* Saragossa Band – Za za zabadak

Musikladen 78

17.03.1983

* Johnnie Allan – Promised land

* Frankie Smith – Yo yo-champ

* Al Bano & Romina Power – Che angelo sei

* Madness – Tomorrow’s just another day

* Missing Persons – Destination unknown

* Renee & Renato – Just one more kiss

* Mike Batt – Love makes you crazy (Video)

* Imagination – Changes

* Bucks Fizz – If you can’t stand the heat

* The Weather Girls – It’s raining men (Video)

* Gloria Gaynor – Stop in the name of love

* Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up where we belong (Live)

* Sheila & B. Devotion – Singing in the rain (Oldie: Musikladen 1978)

* Shakin’ Stevens – Your ma said you cried in your sleep last night

Musikladen 79

21.04.1983

* La Compagnie Creole – Love is good for you

* Claudja Barry – Work me over

* Gino Palatino – Vendetta a Parigi

* Gloria Piedimonte – Ma che bella serata

* Freddie Mandera – Mr. Lonely

* Traks – Get ready

* Laura Branigan – Solitaire

* Tracey Ullman – Breakaway

* Robin Gibb – Juliet

* Sister Sledge – Let him go

* Phil Collins – I don’t care anymore

* ABBA – Fernando (Oldie: Musikladen 1976)

* Rocky Sharpe & The Replays – If you wanna be happy

Musikladen 80

09.06.1983

* Luis Rodriguez – Niña

* Key West – Wanna groove

* Hot Shot – I can’t stand it no more

* Hotline – Feel so strong

* Joboxers – Just got lucky

* Nona Hendryx – Keep it confidential

* Nick Lowe – Ragin’ eyes

* Del Shannon – Cheap love

* Agnetha Fältskog – The heat is on

* Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark – Telegraph

* Amanda Lear – Darkness and light

* Rod Stewart – Baby Jane

* La Bionda – One for you, one for me (Oldie: Musikladen 1978)

* The Shorts – Comment ça va

Musikladen 81

21.07.1983 (Best of ’82/’83)

* Ricchi E Poveri – Mamma Maria

* Al Bano & Romina Power – Felicita

* Wham! – Young guns (go for it)

* Kool & The Gang – Ooh la la

* Spargo – Hip hap hop

* Marie LaForet – Blanche nuit de satin

* Nena – Nur geträumt

* Culture Club – Do you really want to hurt me

* Haysi Fantayzee – Shiny, shiny

* A Flock Of Seagulls – I ran

* Robin Gibb – Juliet

* Phil Collins – I don’t care anymore

* Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up where we belong

* Joan Jett & The Blackhearts – I love Rock ‘n’ Roll

* Shakin’ Stevens – I’ll be satisfied

* Rod Stewart – Baby Jane

* Agnetha Fältskog – The heat is on

* The Shorts – Comment ça va

Musikladen 82

08.09.1983 (Live IFA Berlin)

* The Twins – Not the loving kind

* Joan Jett & The Blackhearts – Fake friends

* Nancy Wood – Lyin’-chatin’-woman chasin’-honky tonkin’-whiskey drinkin’ you

* Boney M. – Jambo

* Rose Laurens – Mamy Yoko

* Dave Dudley – When my blue moon turns to gold again

* Stray Cats – She’s sexy and 17

* Danovak & Co. – What have you done to my heart

* Christopher Cross – Deal ‘em again

* Berdien Stenberg – Rondo Russo

* The Bee Gees – Someone belonging to someone

* Robin Gibb – Another lonely night in New York

* Roman Holliday – Motor mania

* Grace Jones – La vie en rose

* Rita Coolidge – All time high

* Bucks Fizz – London town

* Gloria Gaynor – America

* Rod Stewart – What am I gonna do

* Barry Manilow – You’re lookin’ hot tonight

* Village People – Y.M.C.A (Oldie: Musikladen 1978)

* Status Quo – Ol’ Rag Blues

Musikladen 83

06.10.1983

* Alice & The Wonderboy – Don’t tell me this is love

* The Belle Stars – The entertainer

* Enzo – Solo

* Jennifer Rush – Come give me your hand

* Babe – (Don’t you ever) Shop around

* Eartha Kitt – Where is my man

* Waylon Jennings – Good hearted woman

* Donna Summer – She works hard for the money

* Joe South – Games people play (Oldie: 1969)

* David Christie – Rally down to Sally’s

Musikladen 84

15.12.1983

* G’Race – Manhattan

* Musical Youth – 007

* Howard Jones – New song

* Trans-X – Message on the radio

* Berdien Stenberg – Allegro

* The Broads – Sing sing sing

* Bao Bab – N.O. J.O.B.

* Scialpi – Rocking Rolling

* Rheingold – Via Satellit

* Booker Newberry III – Teddy bear

* Robin Gibb – How old are you?

* Helen Schneider With The Kick – White turning black

* Jeanette – ¿Porque te vas? (Oldie: Musikladen 1977)

* G’Race – Manhattan

Musikladen 85

26.01.1984

* Novo – Extremix

* Randy Crawford – Nightline

* Electric Boogie Men – Breakdancing

* Peter Schneider – Hawaiian moonlight

* Phillip Goodhand-Tait – He’ll have to go

* Mink de Ville – Each word’s a beat of my heart

* Heinz Rudolf Kunze – Sicherheitsdienst (Video)

* Jack Jersey – 63784

* Kirsty MacColl – Terry

* Pat Benatar – Love is a battlefield (über Satellit aus Los Angeles)

* Frankie Goes To Hollywood – Relax

* Lynsey de Paul – Sugar me (Oldie: 1972)

* V.O.F. De Kunst – Suzanne

Musikladen 86

03.05.1984

* Race – Rockaway

* 84 Ahead – Get on up

* The Twins – Love system

* Limahl – Too much trouble

* Sensus – Sensus (Musikladen-Video)

* Bonnie Tyler – Holding out for a hero

* Flavia Fortunato – Aspettami ogni sera

* Bel Ami – Du machst mich verrückt

* Jennifer Rush – 25 lovers

* Rock Steady Crew – Uprock

* Charlene Tilton – C’est la vie

* Raffaela Carrà – Tanti auguri (Oldie: 1978)

* Frankie Goes To Hollywood – Two tribes

Musikladen 87

21.06.1984

* Gemini – Magdalena

* Anna Rusticano – Strano

* D.I.A. – Passion play

* Twisted Sister – We’re not gonna take it

* Moti Special – Stop! Girls go crazy

* Makromad – Tausend Tage Fete

* Talk Talk – Such a shame

* Deniece Williams – Let’s hear it for the boy

* Rick Springfield – Love somebody

* Thompson Twins – The gap

* DÖF – Uh-uh-uh mir bleibt die Luft weg

* Clout – Substitute (Oldie: Musikladen 1978)

* Heather Parisi – Ciao ciao

Musikladen 88

17.07.1984

* The Tramps – Move

* Valerie Claire – I’m a model

* Shannon – Sweet somebody

* Tomas Ledin – Everybody wants to hear it

* Münchener Freiheit – Oh Baby

* Belle and the Devotions – Love games

* London Aircraaft – Rocket in my pocket

* Spandau Ballet – Only when you leave

* Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark – Talking Loud and Clear

* Rhonda – Racing heart

* Sheila E. – The glamorous life

* The Equals – Police on my back (Oldie: 1967)

* Evelyn Thomas – High energy

Musikladen 89

20.09.1984

* Fiat Lux – Blue emotion

* Talk talk – Another work

* Depeche Mode – Master and servant

* Johan Daansen – Deadly game

* Savage Progress – Heart begin to beat

* Frida – Shine

* Robin Gibb – Secret agent

* Sensus – All of a sudden

* Jennifer Rush – Ring of fire

* Ultravox – Heart of the country

* Rick Springfield – Don’t walk away

* Boney M. – Kalimba de luna

* The Beatles – Ballad of John & Yoko (Oldie: Video 1969)

* Chico Johnson – Hula hoop

Musikladen 90

29.11.1984

* Supermax – Number one in my heart

* Shakatak – Watching you

* Robert Vanguard – Angel eyes

* Gary Chandler – Dancing in heaven

* Billy Ocean – European queen

* Bananarama – Hotline to heaven

* Limahl – Tar beach

* The Twins – The game of chance

* Ricchi & Poveri – Cosa sei

* Eddy Grant – Boys in the street

* Bad Boys Blue – L.O.V.E. in my Car

* Maria Vidal – Body Rock

* Ray Charles – Eleanor Rigby (Oldie)

* Duran Duran – The wild boys

* Band Aid – Do they know it’s Christmas (Video)

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Musikladen, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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↑

Life Sciences

↑

Biology

*Characterisation of the effects of microgravity on the mechanism of action of Vitamin D in Osteoblasts

*Embryonic development of amphibians in weightlessness

*ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression

Cardiovascular Function

↑

*A model for investigating mechanisms of heart disease and mechanisms of activation of sympathoadrenal activity in humans during spaceflight

*Blood pressure circadian rhythms in weightlessness

*Blood pressure Measurement Instrument

*CARDIOCOG-2

*Cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness

*Effects of microgravity on the peripheral subcutaneous veno-arteriolar reflex in humans.

*Measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and blood flow to obtain heart rate variability, blood pressure variability and blood distribution.

*One-day pattern of blood pressure and heart rate in weightlessness

*Physiological parameters that predict orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight

*Physiological Parameters That Predict Orthostatic Intolerance After Spaceflight

*Studies of airway inflammation during space flight

*Studies of venous gas emboli during extravehicular activity procedures

*Study of the evolution of cardiovascular deconditioning phenomena under weightless conditions

Cell and Molecular Biology

↑

*Bone cell mechanosensitivity in weightlessness

*Chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of astronauts

*Chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of astronauts

*CHROMOSOME-2

*Cosmic radiation and microgravity related oxidative stress

*Effects of microgravity on expression of calcium channels in myocyte – MYOCYTE

*Expression of microbial genes in space

*Fischer Rat Thyroid Low serum 5%

*Microbiological Experiment on Space Station About Gene Expression

*Natural killer cell activity in microgravity – NKA

*Signalling through Rho GTPases in microgravity

*Yeast In No Gravity – Part 1

*Yeast In No Gravity – Part 2

Developmental Biology

↑

*Effects of the gravity altered environment on Drosophilia motility, behaviour and ageing

*First International C.elegans Experiment: Physiological and genomic study of a nematode worm in space

*The antibody V(D)J recombination machinery in normal and altered gravity – AMPHIBODY

Education

↑

*A demonstration of Newton´s Three Laws of Motion

*Amateur Radio on ISS

*A test of the basic principles of mechanics

*Determination of the effect of gravity on the development of a colony of bacteria

*DVD 4

*Electronic – Learning

*Erasmus Recording Binocular 2

*Erasmus Recording Binocular

*Neo-Cartilage Formation in Microgravity Environment

*Seeds in Space

*Study of output of bacterial fuel cells in weightlessness

*Study of the behaviour of a rigid body rotating around its centre of mass

*VIDEO-3: Filmed demonstrations of the effects of weightlessness on the human body.

Endocrinology and Metabolism

↑

*Cell-Cell Interaction of Monocytes and T-Lymphocytes in microgravity – MIA

*IMMUNO

*Nerve Growth Factor

*Neuroendocrine and immune responses in humans during and after long term stay at ISS

*Role of weightlessness on actin metabolism in mammalian cells

*Sympathoadrenal activity in humans during spaceflight

Exobiology

↑

*Dosimetry for biological experiments in space

*Molecular adaptation strategies of micro-organisms to different space and planetary UV climate conditions

*Photo-and exobiology experiment

*PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on Space Station

*Resistance of lichens and lithic fungi at space conditions

*Resistance of spacecraft isolates to outer space for planetary protection purposes

*Testing the plant seed as a terrestrial model for panspermia vehicle and as a source for universal UV screens

Fluid Balance and Kidney Function

↑

*Renal stone risk during spaceflight: Assessment and countermeasure validation

Human Factors

↑

*Cardiac Adapted Sleep Parameters Electrocardiogram Recorder

*Cultural determinants of performance and error management at the International Space Station

Human Physiology

↑

*Ambiguous Tilt and Translation Motion Cues After Space Flight

*Astronaut’s Energy Requirements for Long-Term Space Flight

*Bone Proteomics

*Otolith Assessment During Postflight Re-adaptation

*Physiological analysis of skin in space

*SOdium LOading in Microgravity

*The effect of gravitational context on EEG dynamics: A study of spatial cognition, novelty processing and sensorimotor integration

*Validation of Centrifugation as a Countermeasure for Otolith Deconditioning During Spaceflight

Immunology and Haematology

↑

*Blood and Oxidative Stress

*Effects of microgravity on the haemopoietic system: A study on neocytolysis

*Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding in Crewmembers

*PAthway DIfferent ACtivators

*Role of interleukin-2 receptor in signal transduction and gravisensing threshold of T-lymphocytes

*Space flight induced reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus

*The influence of weightlessness on the activation of NF-κB protein

Medicine/Health

↑

*Long Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease with New Portable Equipment

*Ambiguous Tilt and Translation Motion Cues After Space Flight

*SOdium LOading in Microgravity

Microbiology

↑

*Bacteria Adaptation to Space Environment – Part 1

*Microbial Growth Kinetics Under Conditions of Microgravity

*Microbial life in Space: Response to environmental factors in a space vehicle

*Molecular and physiological analysis of bacterial samples isolated from manned spacecraft

*SAMPLE

*Study of the composition, physiology and possible adaptation of microbial communities exposed to weightlessness

Muscle/skeletal system

↑

*Crews Health: Investigation on Reduced Operability

*Hand Posture Analyser

*Low Back Pain

*Low back pain

*Neo-Cartilage Formation in Microgravity Environment

*Response to microgravity of adult stem cells and osteoprogenitors from bone marrow – STROMA 2

*Study of lower back pain in astronauts during spaceflight

Neurobiology

↑

*Crickets In Space 2

*The effect of gravitational context on EEG dynamics: A study of spatial cognition, novelty processing and sensorimotor integration

Neuroscience

↑

*An investigation of space radiation effects on the functional state of the central nervous system and an operator´s working capacity

*Cognitive process for 3-D orientation perception and navigation in weightlessness

*Directed attention brain potentials in virtual 3D space in weightlessness

*Evaluation of the orientation of Listing´s plane using the Eye Tracker Device

*Measurement by Eye Tracking Device in orientation of the Listings plane

*Mental Representation of Spatial Cues During Space Flight

*Motion perception: Vestibular adaptation to G-transitions

*On the contribution of visceral receptors to the sense of subjective vertical

*Orientation of Listing´s plane measurement by the Eye Tracking Device

*Sleep-wake actigraphy and light exposure during spaceflight

*Stress, cognition and physiological response during spaceflight.

Plant Biology and Physiology

↑

*Agrospace Experiments Suite

*Arabidopsis Thaliana in Space: Perception of Gravity, Signal Transduction and Graviresponse in Higher Plants

*Effects of the space environment on the nuclear structure and function of plant root meristematic cells grown in microgravity

*Influence of gravity on the cytoskeleton and the determination of the division plane in plants

*Study into interaction of effect of light and gravity on the growth processes of plants

*Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing

*Vine In Near Orbit

*Waving and Coiling of Arabidopsis Roots at Different g-levels

*TROPI, or “Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism”

Psychological aspects

↑

*Special Event Meals

Radiation Biology

↑

*Advanced Dosimetric Telescope on EuTEF

*ALTEINO long term monitoring of cosmic rays on the International Space Station

*Biodosimetry in astronauts

*MATROSHKA-1

*Measuring radiation hazards in space

*Study of the depth dose distribution inside a human phantom using the MATROSHKA facility onboard the Russian Segment of the International Space Station

Respiratory Function

↑

*Cardiorespiratory adaptation to the space environment

*ESANO-1

*ESANO-2

Physical Sciences

↑

Aggregation Phenomena

*Plasma crystal research on the ISS

Atmospheric physics

↑

*Lightning and Sprites Observations

Combustion

↑

*Combustion synthesis under microgravity conditions

Earth observation

↑

*Earth Viewing Camera

*Observation of environmental phenomena

Education

↑

*A demonstration of physical phenomena in space.

*Amateur Radio on ISS

*Earth Viewing Camera

*Electrostatic Self-Assembly Demonstration

*Oil emulsion experiment

Electromagnetics

↑

*SOLar Auto-Calibrating EUV/UV Spectrophotometers

*SOLar SPECtral Irradiance Measurements

*SOlar Variable and Irradiance Monitor

Fluid physics

↑

*Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument-Influence of VIbrations on DIffusion of Liquids

*Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow Under Microgravity

Foams

↑

*Foam Casting and Utilization in SpaceFoam Casting and Utilization in Space

*Foam-Stability

Fundamental physics

↑

*Influence of mass transport and surface growth processes on protein crystal perfection

Metal alloys

↑

*Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing and Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions

Morphological Stability and Microstructures

↑

*Study of aggregation mechanism and kinetics of ZSM-5 and Silicalite-1 nanoslabs into ZSM-5 / Silicalite-1 hybrid phases under microgravity conditions

*Study of the structure and morphology of zeogrids obtained under microgravity conditions

Plasma physics

↑

*Atomic densities measured Radially in metal halide lamps under microGravity conditions with Emission and absorption Spectroscopy

*PKE-Nefedov extended research programme – Growth of particles under microgravity conditions

Properties of organic compounds

↑

*Diffusion coefficients in crude oils

Protein Crystal Growth

↑

*Defects in biomolecular crystals induced by growth in space and on Earth

*Granada Crystallisation Facility

*PROMISS-4

Radiation dosimetry

↑

*Active monitoring of the UV and ionising radiation conditions

*Advanced Dosimetric Telescope on EuTEF

*Dose Distribution inside ISS

*Material Exposure and Degradation Experiment

*Particle Flux Demonstrator

*Study of the depth dose distribution inside a human phantom using the MATROSHKA facility onboard the Russian Segment of the International Space Station

*Tribology properties of materials in space

*Under The Background Influence

Solution Growth

↑

*Study of aggregation mechanism and kinetics of ZSM-5 and Silicate-1 nanoslabs into ZSM-5/Silicate-1 hybrid phases under near weightless conditions

Space Technology

↑

*Evaluation of a multi-purpose bag specially designed to assist an astronaut to manipulate objects in a weightless environment

*Functional in-orbit test of a new integrated crew garment system

*Heat transfer performances of a grooved heat pipe

*Mouse Telemeter: Calibration of STAR accelerometers

*Study of particle spectra and their influence on advanced components

*Tactile display aided orientation awareness

Technology

↑

*3D Camera

*Analysis Experimentation Implementation Algorithms

*Electric Nose Monitoring

*Electronics Space Test

*Erasmus Recording Binocular 2

*Erasmus Recording Binocular

*Esperimento di Navigazione per Evento Italiano Dimostrativo di EGNOS

*EuTEMP

*Food Tray in Space

*Garments for Orbital Activities in weightLessness and Vestibular Adaptation to G-Transitions: Motion Perception

*Heart Beat Monitoring

*Low Altitude Zone Ionising Observatory

*Specular Point-like Quick Reference

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Scientific research on the ISS, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Lemur behavior is as variable as lemur morphology. Differences in diet, social systems, activity patterns, locomotion, communication, predator avoidance tactics, breeding systems, and intelligence levels help define lemur taxa and set individual species apart from the rest. Although trends frequently distinguish the smaller, nocturnal lemurs from the larger, diurnal lemurs, there are often exceptions that help exemplify the unique and diverse nature of these Malagasy primates.

Diet

Lemur diets are highly variable and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity, although general trends suggest that the smallest species primarily consume fruit and insects (omnivory), while the larger species are more herbivorous, consuming mostly plant material. As with all primates, hungry lemurs might eat anything that is edible, whether or not the item is one of their preferred foods. For instance, the Ring-tailed Lemur eats insects and small vertebrates when necessary and as a result it is commonly viewed as an opportunistic omnivore. Coquerel’s Giant Mouse Lemur (”Mirza coquereli”) is mostly frugivorous, but will consume insect secretions during the dry season.

A common assumption in mammalogy is that small mammals cannot subsist entirely on plant material and must have a high-calorie diet in order to survive. As a result, it was thought that the diet of tiny primates must be high in protein-containing insects (insectivory). Research has shown, however, that mouse lemurs, the smallest living primates, consume more fruit than insects, contradicting the popular hypothesis.

Plant material makes up the majority of most lemur diets. Members of at least 109 of all known plant families in Madagascar (55%) are exploited by lemurs. Since lemurs are primarily arboreal, most of these exploited species are woody plants, including trees, shrubs, or lianas. Only the Ring-tailed Lemur, the bamboo lemurs (genus ”Hapalemur”), and the Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur (”Varecia variegata”) are known to consume herbs. While Madagascar is rich in fern diversity, these plants are rarely eaten by lemurs. One possible reason for this is that ferns lack flowers, fruits, and seeds—common food items in lemur diets. They also occur close to the ground, while lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Lastly, ferns have an unpleasant taste due to the high content of tannins in their fronds. Likewise, mangroves appear to be rarely exploited by lemurs due to their high tannin content. Some lemurs appear to have evolved responses against common plant defenses, however, such as tannins and alkaloids. The Golden Bamboo Lemur (”Hapalemur aureus”), for instance, eats giant bamboo, which contains high levels of cyanide. This lemur can consume twelve times the typically lethal dose for most mammals on a daily basis; the physiological mechanisms that protect it from cyanide poisoning are unknown. At the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) in the United States, lemurs that roam the outdoor enclosures have been observed eating poison ivy (”Taxicodendron radicans”), yet have shown no ill effects.

Some lemurs exhibit female philopatry, where females stay within their natal range and the males migrate upon reaching maturity, and in other species both sexes will migrate. In some cases, female philopatry may help explain the evolution of female-bonded multi-male groups, such as those of the Ring-tailed Lemur, Milne-Edwards’ Sifaka (”Propithecus edwardsi”), and the Verreaux’s Sifaka. Their ancestors may have been more solitary, with females that lived in mother-daughter pairs (or dyads). Over time, these dyads may have allied themselves with other neighboring mother-daughter dyads in order to defend more distributed resources in a wide home range. If this is true, then multi-male groups in lemurs may differ fundamentally in their internal structure from those in catarrhine primates (Old World monkeys and apes).

The presence of female social dominance sets lemurs apart from most other primates and mammals; in most primate societies, males are dominant unless females band together to form coalitions that displace them. However, many ”Eulemur” species are exceptions and the Greater Bamboo Lemur (”Prolemur simus”) does not exhibit female dominance. When females are dominant within a group, the way they maintain dominance varies. Ring-tailed Lemur males act submissively with or without signs of female aggression. Male Crowned Lemurs (”Eulemur coronatus”), on the other hand, will only act submissively when females act aggressively towards them. Female aggression is often associated with, but not limited to, feeding.

There have been many hypotheses that have attempted to explain why lemurs exhibit female social dominance while other primates with similar social structures do not, but no consensus has been reached after decades of research. The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available. Indeed, female dominance has been shown to be linked to increased maternal investment. However, when reproductive costs and extreme seasonality of resources were compared across primates, other primates demonstrated male dominance under conditions that were similar to or more challenging than those faced by lemurs. In 2008, a new hypothesis revised this model using simple game theory. It was argued that when two individuals were equally matched in fighting capacity, the one with the most need would win the conflict since it would have the most to lose. Consequently, the female, with higher resource needs for pregnancy, lactation, and maternal care, was more likely to win in resource conflicts with equally sized males. This, however, assumed monomorphism between sexes. The following year, a new hypothesis was proposed to explain monomorphism, stating that because most female lemurs are only sexually receptive for a day or two each year, males can utilize a more passive form of mate guarding: copulatory plugs, which block the female reproductive tract, preventing other males from successfully mating with her, and thus reducing the need for aggression and the evolutionary drive for sexual dimorphism.

Locomotor behavior in lemurs, both living and extinct, is highly varied and its diversity exceeds that of anthropoids. Locomotor postures and behaviors have included vertical clinging and leaping (including saltatory behavior), seen in indriids and bamboo lemurs; slow (loris-like) arboreal quadrupedal locomotion, once exhibited by ”Mesopropithecus”; fast arboreal quadrupedal locomotion, seen in true lemurs and ruffed lemurs; partially terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, seen in the Ring-tailed Lemur; highly terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, once exhibited by monkey lemurs such as ”Hadropithecus”; and sloth-like suspensory locomotion, once exhibited by many of the sloth lemurs, such as ”Palaeopropithecus”. The Lac Alaotra Gentle Lemur (”Hapalemur alaotrensis”) has even been reported to be a good swimmer. Sometimes these locomotor types are lumped together into two main groups of lemurs, the vertical clingers and leapers and the arboreal (and occasionally terrestrial) quadrupeds.

The jumping prowess of the indriids have been well documented and are popular among ecotourists visiting Madagascar. Using their long, powerful back legs, they catapult themselves into the air and land in an upright posture on a nearby tree, with both hands and feet tightly gripping the trunk. Indriids can leap up to 10& m (33& ft) rapidly from tree trunk to tree trunk, an ability referred to as “ricochetal leaping”. Verreaux’s Sifaka (”Propithecus verreauxi”) manages to do this in the spiny forests of southern Madagascar. It is unknown how it avoids impaling its palms on the thorn-covered trunks of large plants such as ”Alluaudia”. When distances between trees are too great, sifakas will descend to the ground and cross distances more than 100& m (330& ft) by standing upright and hopping sideways with the arms held to the side and waving up and down from chest to head height, presumably for balance. This is sometimes described as a “dance-hop”.

Communication

Lemur communication can be transmitted through sound, sight, and smell (olfaction). The Ring-tailed Lemur, for instance, uses complex though highly stereotyped behaviors such as scent-marking and vocalizations. Visual signals are probably the least used by lemurs, since they lack many of the muscles used in common primate facial expressions. Given their poor vision, whole-body postures are probably more noticeable. However, the Ring-tailed Lemur has demonstrated distinct facial expressions including a threat stare, pulled back lips for submission, and pulled back ears along with flared nostrils during scent-marking. This species has also been observed using yawns as threats. Their ringed tails also communicate distance, warn off neighboring troops, and help locate troop members. Sifakas are known to exhibit an open-mouth play face as well as a submissive teeth-baring grimace used in agonistic interactions.

Olfaction is particularly important to lemurs, except for the Indri, which lacks most common lemur scent glands and has a greatly reduced olfactory region in the brain.) Olfaction can communicate information about age, sex, reproductive status, as well as demarcate the boundaries of a territory. It is most useful for communication between animals that rarely encounter each other. Small, nocturnal lemurs mark their territories with urine, while the larger, diurnal species use scent glands located on various parts of their anatomy. The Ring-tailed Lemur engages in “stink fights” by rubbing its tail across scent glands on its wrists, and then flicking its tail at other male opponents. Some lemurs defecate in specific areas, otherwise known as latrine behavior. Although many animals exhibit this behavior, it is a rare trait among primates. Latrine behavior can represent territorial marking and aid in interspecies signaling.

Compared to other mammals, primates in general are very vocal, and lemurs are no exception. Some lemur species have extensive vocal repertoires, including the Ring-tailed Lemur and ruffed lemurs. Some of the most common calls among lemurs are predator alarm calls. Lemurs not only respond to alarm calls of their own species, but also alarm calls of other species and those of non-predatory birds. The Ring-tailed Lemur and a few other species have different calls and reactions to specific types of predators. With mating calls, it has been shown that mouse lemurs that cannot be discerned visually respond more strongly to the calls of their own species, particularly when exposed to the calls of other mouse lemurs that they would encounter normally within their home range. Lemur calls can also be very loud and carry long distances. Ruffed lemurs use several loud calls that can be heard up to 1& km (0.62& mi) away on a clear, calm day. The loudest lemur is the Indri, whose calls can be heard up to 2& km (1.2& mi) or more and thus communicate more effectively the territorial boundaries over its 34 to 40& hectares (0.13 to 0.15& sq mi) home range. Both ruffed lemurs and the Indri exhibit contagious calling, where one individual or group starts a loud call and others within the area join in. The song of the Indri can last 45 seconds to more than 3 minutes and tends to coordinate to form a stable duet comparable to that of gibbons.

Tactile communication (touch) is mostly used by lemurs in the form of grooming, although the Ring-tailed Lemur also clumps together to sleep (in an order determined by rank), reaches out and touches adjacent members, and cuffs other members. Reaching out and touching another individual in this species has been shown to be a submissive behavior, done by younger or submissive animals towards older and more dominant members of the troop. Allogrooming, however, appears to occur more frequently between higher ranking individuals, a shared trait with other primate species. Unlike anthropoid primates, lemur grooming seems to be more intimate and mutual, often directly reciprocated. Anthropoids, on the other hand, use allogrooming to manage agonistic interactions. The Ring-tailed Lemur is known to be very tactile, spending between 5 and 11% of its time grooming.

Predator avoidance

All lemurs experience some predation pressure. Common defenses against predation include the use of alarm calls and predator mobbing, mostly among diurnal lemurs. The leaping abilities of lemurs may have evolved for predator avoidance rather than for travel, according to a study in kinematics. Nocturnal lemurs are difficult to see and track at night and decrease their visibility by foraging alone. They also try to avoid predators by using concealing sleeping locations, such as nests, tree holes, or dense vegetation, and alternating between multiple sleeping locations. Even torpor and hibernation states among cheirogaleids may be partly due to high levels of predation. Infants are protected while foraging by either leaving them in the nest or by stashing them in a hidden location, where the infant remains immobile in the absence of the parent.

Diurnal lemurs are visible during the day, so many live in groups, where the increased number of eyes and ears helps aid in predator detection. Diurnal lemurs use and respond to alarm calls, even those of other lemur species and non-predatory birds. The Ring-tailed Lemur has different calls and reactions to different classes of predators, such as predatory birds, mammals, or snakes. Some lemurs, such as the Indri, use crypsis to camouflage themselves. They are often heard but difficult to see in the trees due to the dappled light, earning them the reputation of being “ghosts of the forest”.

Reproduction

Except for the Aye-aye and the Lac Alaotra Gentle Lemur, lemurs are seasonal breeders with very short mating and birth seasons influenced by the highly seasonal availability of resources in their environment. Mating seasons usually last less than three weeks each year, with the female vagina opening up only during a few hours or days of her most receptive time of estrus. These narrow windows for reproduction and resource availability appear to relate to their short gestation periods, rapid maturation, and low basal metabolic rates, as well as the high energy costs of reproduction for females. This may also relate to the relatively high mortality rate among adult females and the higher proportion of adult males in some lemur populations—both unusual traits among primates. In both the Aye-aye and Lac Alaotra Gentle Lemur, birth (parturition) occurs over a six-month period.

Lemurs time their mating and birth seasons so that all weaning periods are synchronized to match the time of highest food availability. Weaning occurs either before or shortly after the eruption of the first permanent molars in lemurs. Mouse lemurs are able to fit their entire breeding cycle into the wet season, whereas larger lemurs, such as sifakas, must lactate for two months during the dry season. Infant survival in some species, such as Milne-Edwards’ Sifaka, has been shown to be directly impacted by both environmental conditions and the rank, age, and health of the mother. The breeding season is also affected by geographical location. For example, mouse lemurs give birth between September and October in their native habitat in the southern hemisphere, but from May through June in the captive settings in the northern hemisphere.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Lemur, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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New Zealand — 1971–1974

The origins of Split Enz lay in the friendships that developed amongst a group of young students in the late 1960s and early 1970s. After finishing primary school, Brian Timothy Finn attended Sacred Heart College boarding school, where he met Jonathan Michael Chunn. They wrote songs and played music together there over the next five years. In 1971 Finn and Chunn went to Auckland University, and there they met and befriended a group of art students including Philip Judd, Geoffrey Noel Crombie and Rob Gillies.

The close friendship between Finn and Judd became the core of Split Enz; the band soon started writing together with Judd working out the basic form and lyrics and Finn (who was strongly influenced by classic British pop like the Beatles, the Kinks, and the Move) providing melodies.

As the partnership developed, they began stockpiling songs and decided to form a group as an outlet for their compositions; the material they wrote together in this original burst of creativity provided the bulk of the Enz repertoire for several years. They approached classical trained violinist Miles Golding, reed player Mike Howard and together with Chunn they formed a five-piece acoustic group called Split Ends in October 1972.

Early singles

Golding’s musical skills helped Finn and Chunn to build complex and impressive neo-classical structures and arrangements for their material. After months of rehearsals, and with financial backing provided by their friend and fan Barry Coburn, (who became their first manager), Split Ends issued its debut single, “For You/Split Ends”, in April 1973. In March, just before the single was released, Golding left the group to study in London, although they would meet again years later. Reed player Mike Howard quit soon after.

With Miles’s departure Chunn and Finn wanted to give up the band, but at Chunn’s urging, the band “went electric” and expanded, adding drums, lead guitar, and brass. When the single was released in April, the band started a small tour of Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington, supporting John Mayall. Chunn’s brother Geoff was called in for the tour replacing original drummer Div Vercoe. The other new permanent members were lead guitarist Paul Wally Wilkinson and their university friend Robert Bruce Gillies who joined part-time on saxophone and trumpet. By this time, the band had become a full-time preoccupation for Finn, and he dropped out of university.

In late 1973, Split Ends entered the ”New Faces” TV talent contest, and in preparation for their performance, they recorded “129″ and “Home Sweet Home”. Soon after, they also recorded the retro-1930s sounding “Sweet Talking Spoon Song”, which would become the second single. They finished second-last in the finals of the contest, but their performance secured them a 30-minute concert special for Television New Zealand, which was recorded soon after.

In November 1973, EMI NZ issued the band’s second single, “Sweet Talking Spoon Song”/”129″. The next eighteen months saw Split Ends refining their material and performances. The TV special spawned a concert tour, albeit without Phil Judd, who decided he did not like performing live — he was discouraged by negative reactions to the band, and felt that their music was too complex for successful stage presentation. He initially opted to stay at home to write and record new material while the rest of the band toured, although he made occasional appearances and eventually rejoined full-time. The songs from both singles were later included on the compilation album ”The Beginning of the Enz”.

The Prof

In early 1974, Tim Finn acquired a prized Mellotron keyboard. In February the band members made a vital addition to the lineup, recruiting Anthony Edward “Eddie” Rayner on keyboards. Rayner was quite impressed by Split Enz’s performance on ”New Faces” and thought that they were good enough to join.

Rayner, nicknamed “The Prof”, remained with the band for the rest of its existence, and he was crucial to the development of the band’s sound. A prodigiously talented self-taught musician, his ability to realise and enhance the band’s arrangements added tremendous depth and polish to the already strong material, and in many respects his playing became the defining element of the band’s sound. Combined with Tim Finn’s own ability on piano, the two guitars, bass, drums, percussion, and assorted other instruments including trumpet and saxophone, the band members were able to encompass a wide range of styles and sounds, and they were always a force to be reckoned with on stage, as even their early live recordings attest.

Theatrical sets

In February 1974 the band altered its original name to the patriotic “Split Enz”. Phil Judd and Tim Finn decided that, rather than slogging it out on the traditional pub circuit, they would play only in theatres and concert halls, which enabled them to stage a full theatrical presentation, and they began to develop elaborate sets, costumes, hairstyles and makeup. After seeing one of these live performances, Judd decided to return to the band and began making occasional live appearances. In June 1974 Geoff Chunn and Rob Gillies both left the band. Paul Emlyn Crowther joined on drums in July; Gillies was not replaced.

The band’s music at this time was in a broadly similar vein to British progressive bands of the time, albeit rather “poppier” and more melodic than many such bands. Family and Traffic were almost certainly important influences, and though they always balked at the frequent comparisons to Genesis, there was an ‘English-ness’, and a definite eccentricity that was common to both groups, and which set the Enz apart from almost every other local act.

The band might have made considerably less impact had it not been for the unique visual identity they developed. In the autumn of 1974, their old university friend Geoffrey Noel Crombie became a full-time member. He performed on percussion — and spoons — and sang occasionally, but his primary role soon proved to be as Art Director for the band. His wide-ranging talents enabled Split Enz to present a complete audio-visual experience, showcasing their accomplished performances of the intricate Judd-Finn compositions in a unique live show, complete with wild, colourful matching costumes, bizarre hairstyles and makeup, sets and special effects. Their “look” — a mixture of the weird and the whimsical — drew on influences like the circus, music hall, gothic horror, Expressionist cinema, pantomime, psychedelia, surrealism and modern art — all filtered through the band’s bizarre demeanour and crazed on-stage antics.

Like Rayner, Noel Crombie was a crucial addition to the band, and in many ways he became the heart and soul of Split Enz. His designs crystallised the band’s image, and spanned the entire range of their visual material — stage costumes, hair styles, sets and stage designs, posters, buttons, badges, handbills, promotional photos, tour programmes, and album and single covers. He also directed almost all of their music videos, (some co-directed with Rob Gillies). Some of Noel Crombie’s finest costumes are now part of the collection of the Victorian Museum of Performing Arts.

Noel Crombie’s lugubrious stage presence endeared him to audiences and his trademark spoon solos became a favourite feature of Enz shows. His regular spot grew out of one of the typical random events that marked the band’s early shows — they brought Rayner’s aunt on stage to perform an impromptu tap dance during one of the songs. It was a roaring success, but they quickly realised that they could not really take her on tour with them, so Noel Crombie’s spoon playing routine was substituted and soon became an essential part of each show.

In concert, the band was already in a league of its own and live performances from this era soon became the stuff of legend. An early NZ TV performance had a desert-island theme; the band members brought in a load of sand and created a miniature indoor beach, complete with palm trees and a wading pool; band members dressed as hankie-hatted tourists, reclining on deck chairs and sipping drinks. For a now-legendary live performance of their live epic “Stranger Than Fiction”, a woman friend was recruited to crawl across the stage during the song, under pulsing strobe lights, with a bloodied axe apparently embedded in her skull.

Australia 1975 – 1976

By the end of 1974, the band’s following in New Zealand was strong and dedicated, but the chances of large-scale commercial success there were obviously limited — a logical place to go was Australia. In March 1975, the band issued its third single, “No Bother To Me”, on the independent White Cloud label, and a few weeks later, Split Enz left for Sydney.

The initial response from Australian audiences was mixed, and their music and image was at first simply too “out there” for many Australians.

Australia had several bands with an overt and theatrical glam rock style, including Skyhooks, Hush, The Ted Mulry Gang, Supernaut. Sherbet and AC/DC had also briefly toyed with glam-rock styling.

Split Enz were in a league of their own however, and most Australian audiences had seen nothing like them before. They got a frosty reception in Sydney, although they had a slightly warmer welcome in Melbourne, where local bands and other performing groups had more of a history of blending experimental and theatrical elements with rock music. It was around about this time that all members of the band except Phil Judd adopted the use of their middle names.

”Mental Notes”

The Enz soldiered on for nine difficult months although, as at home, they quickly amassed a small fiercely loyal cult following which endures to this day. Their immediate future was assured when they were spotted by Michael Gudinski, who recognised their potential and signed them to a management and publishing deal and a recording contract with his Mushroom Records label. This would later provide an apparent conflict of interests that was possibly not to Split Enz’s future artistic or commercial advantage. Their reputation as a top-notch live act and their association with Gudinski gained them several very important support slots to local bands like Skyhooks and with major overseas acts in 1974 – 75 including Roxy Music, Lou Reed, Flo & Eddie, and Leo Sayer.

The association with Mushroom was fortunate. The company had struggled to survive for its first few years but had recently hit the big time with the record-breaking ”Living In The Seventies” album by Skyhooks and the company was now on its way to being a major success. Mushroom’s staff were young, keen, aggressive and willing to take risks — exactly the kind of company Split Enz needed. Gudinski is often criticised (with some justification) for the treatment of artists on the Mushroom roster.

In two weeks during May/June 1975 Split Enz recorded their debut album ”Mental Notes” at Festival’s Studio 24 in Sydney. It was produced by David Russell, who was also their tour manager in 1975 – 76. Russell had been the bass player with legendary NZ rockers Ray Columbus & The Invaders (1962 – 65), and went on to play with Ray Brown & The Whispers (1966) and Max Merritt & The Meteors (1971 – 74). The engineer was Festival staffer Richard Batchens, whose credits include The Cleves, Lobby Loyde, Chain, Blackfeather and Sherbet. The Enz members were reportedly unhappy with the result at the time, and Tim Finn still regards the album as “deeply flawed” although he acknowledges that time has revealed its unique qualities.

It was a moderate success on its release in July, selling a respectable 12,000 copies in Australia, reaching #35 on the album chart for one week, and peaking at #7 in New Zealand. It was also a critical breakthrough and along with a handful of other 1970s’ Australian classics, like The Dingoes’ debut LP and Madder Lake’s ”Stillpoint”, it remains one of the most original and accomplished Australasian debut albums of the period.

Much of the material derived from Tim Finn’s and Phil Judd’s fascination with the work of the renowned English writer and artist Mervyn Peake — notably ”Spellbound”, the epic track “Stranger Than Fiction” (their concert centrepiece) and “Titus”, named after the hero of Peake’s Gormenghast trilogy.

Enz of the Earth

In September, the band members released their first Australian single, “Maybe”, but by this time plans were being made to relocate to the UK. In November 1975, Wally Wilkinson was sacked and Rob Gillies was brought back in on saxophone and trumpet as a permanent member. The band returned to New Zealand briefly before embarking on their “Enz of the Earth” national Australian tour, which wound up in February 1976. In March, Explosion issued the band’s second Mushroom single, “Late Last Night”, accompanied by a promotional video (directed by Crombie) which gave them their first major Australian TV exposure.

Britain 1976 – 1980=

”Second Thoughts” in London

The decision to move to England stemmed from their support slot on Roxy Music’s first Australian tour in 1974. The Enz caught the attention of the visiting band, who were only just becoming known in Australia but were already one of the most successful ‘art rock’ bands in the UK. Roxy Music’s guitarist Phil Manzanera was particularly impressed, and offered to produce their next album for them in London. They managed to secure a UK record deal with Chrysalis Records, and in April 1976 they flew to the UK to cut their second album.

Recorded at the Basing Street Studios in London, ”Second Thoughts” was issued in Australia in July 1976, and issued in the UK as ”Mental Notes” in September. It consisted of “Late Last Night”, four re-arranged and re-recorded tracks from the New Zealand/Australian ”Mental Notes” LP, three new songs, and a new version of one of the earliest Judd – Finn compositions, “129″, retitled “Matinee Idyll (129)”. This song was released, backed by “Lovey Dovey”, as a single in December 1976. During the recording they met original member Miles Golding, who was then living in London, and attended a recital he gave at the Australian Embassy.

The band’s bizarre appearance and crazed onstage antics initially baffled the UK press and audiences, and critical reactions were far from favourable, but as in New Zealand and Australia, their musical excellence, originality and enthusiasm again won them a cult following, from which the fan-club Frenz of the Enz began to develop. But even with the patronage of Manzanera, it proved to be hard going, and pressures mounted within the formerly close-knit group. In November, Emlyn Crowther was sacked and replaced by their first non-Kiwi member, English drummer Malcolm Green (ex-Love Affair, The Honeycombs, Jimmy James & the Vagabonds, Octopus), who answered an advertisement in ”Melody Maker”, and began rehearsing with the Enz in December 1976.

”Courting the Act”

The Enz kicked off 1977 with a new (non-album) single “Another Great Divide”, coinciding with their return to Australia/New Zealand in January 1977 for the “Courting the Act” tour. Chrysalis issued ”Mental Notes” (the American title for ”Second Thoughts”) in the USA, and at the end of February they set off for the US to support the album. The 23 day, 40 show tour was a hopeful first attempt to establish themselves in America but it marked the end of an era in the band and proved to be the last tour with founding members Phil Judd and Mike Chunn.

Mike decided to leave at the end of the US tour, partly because he wanted to spend more time with his family but also because he suffered from agoraphobia, (apparently exacerbated by his experimentation with psychedelic drugs). Tensions were also running high between Phil and Tim and although they received a standing ovation in San Francisco, audience reactions in more remote areas ranged from bemusement to outright hostility. Unfortunately, Phil was extremely sensitive to such negative feedback. and like Mike, he had a young family back in New Zealand and was tired of the endless grind of touring. Things came to a head after one infamous concert when Phil had trouble with an out-of-tune guitar; he stormed off before the end of the set and when Tim challenged him backstage about what had happened, blows were exchanged. The tour ended in April, and Phil left the band.

The new lineup

The Enz were due to begin their third English tour later that month, so Tim now took charge and hastily reorganised the group. On 4 April English bassist Nigel Griggs (ex-Octopus) replaced the departing Mike Chunn. Before leaving, however, Chunn gave a crucial piece of parting advice, suggesting that the replacement for Phil Judd should be Tim Finn’s younger brother Neil, who officially joined on 7 April 1977.

Although Neil did not contribute much during his first six months with the band, (he was still mastering the electric guitar), he made up for his lack of musical skill with plenty of onstage enthusiasm. Although fresh out of high school and almost totally inexperienced as a performer, he adapted quickly, and he began to develop a strong presence within the group. It was also fortuitous that Neil was not an accomplished player and this effectively forced the group to simplify the music and the arrangements and helped steer them in a new direction.

The line-up changes created renewed drive and enthusiasm in a band that was by then teetering on the brink of collapse. They had been touring for years on the same basic repertoire, most of it written or co-written by the departed Phil Judd, and much of it dating back to the band’s formative days. The pressure was on, but Tim rose to the challenge and began turning out great new material that would form the basis of the next two albums.

Neil soon began contributing his own material, and he also became the second lead vocalist, thus taking some of the performing and writing pressure off Tim as well as broadening their repertoire. Neil proved to be a superb singer, whose voice was the perfect complement to his brother’s. Most importantly, he was totally immersed in the spirit of the band, having watched it begin and grow from its earliest days. Over the next three years his singing, playing and especially his writing skills increased exponentially, and although Tim remained the leader, Neil was playing a vital role in the band by 1980.

The Enz initially were at first scorned by the fashion-fixated UK music press, owing to the polarising effect of punk on the English music scene. The Enz’ theatrical trappings and complex music were suspiciously reminiscent of the “dinosaur” progressive rock bands so reviled by the new wave of music critics. Gradually though, as the Enz fine-tuned their image, and the punk scene gave way to the less strident, more stylish and more musically substantial ‘New Wave’ scene, Split Enz began to draw larger crowds in the UK.

”Dizrythmia”

For their band’s next album, they chose to record at London’s prestigious AIR Studios with producer (and former Beatles engineer) Geoff Emerick. ”Dizrythmia” (from the medical term for jet-lag, circadian disrhythmia and meaning ‘upset body rhythm’) made no appreciable impact in the UK, but was very successful in Australasia, and gave them their first simultaneous hits on the Australian and New Zealand singles and album charts. They returned to Australia in August, coinciding with the release of the album, and began a 28-date tour of Australasia in October/November. The album reached #18 in Australia. The first single, the quirky “My Mistake” (August), peaked at #18 during October, bolstered by the national tour and aided by another great promotional video. In New Zealand, ”Dizrythmia” reached #3, and “My Mistake” peaked at #21. The song’s introduction bears a close resemblance to the Jack Clement’s novelty single “My Voice Keeps Changing On Me”, a song that Noel Crombie covered in 1983 under the moniker “Noel’s Cowards”

The second single, Tim Finn’s jaunty “Bold as Brass” (December) was a melodic pop gem, laden with hooks, with a strong and bouncy backbeat by the Green – Griggs rhythm section. It was even more sophisticated than its predecessor, but it failed to chart in Australia. The single was accompanied by another specially-made video, co-directed by Noel and Rob.

Between November 1977 and February 1978, Split Enz toured throughout the UK and Europe. At the turn of the year Rob Gillies left and Phil Judd returned, briefly, in early 1978 after Tim and Eddie heard some of his new material, but he apparently found himself out of step with their changing direction, and left the band for good after about a month.

After the tour, from March to May 1978, Tim, Neil and Eddie returned a favor and contributed to Phil Manzanera’s solo album, ”K-Scope”. Tim sang lead vocals and Neil added backup vocals to the songs “Remote Control”, “Cuban Crisis”, “Hot Spot”, and “Slow Motion TV”. Eddie played various keyboards on each of these (except for “Remote Control”), plus the cuts “K-Scope”, “Gone Flying”, and “Walking Through Heaven’s Door”.

From Luton to Nambassa (”Frenzy”)

1978 was the band’s toughest year. They lost their Chrysalis contract and spent most of the year without a record deal, a booking agent or a manager. Debts mounted and, unable to get gigs, they were forced to go on the dole. But they continued writing new material at a frantic pace and rehearsing constantly.

It was at this point that the [http://www.creativenz.govt.nz/ New Zealand Arts Council] came to the rescue with a five thousand dollar grant. They immediately booked a tiny 8-track studio in Luton and with the help of 18-year-old English engineer David Tickle, they knocked out demo recordings of around 28 new songs in less than five days. These legendary sessions, (the ”Rootin’ Tootin’ Luton Tapes”), displayed both a newfound edge and considerable commercial potential. Around the same time, they recorded a new single with Tickle, a frenetic new song by Tim called “I See Red”.

Having overcome personal issues and “writer’s block”, Split Enz entered Manor Studios in November 1978, where Elton John had recorded his albums in the few years prior, to record a new album with producer Mallory Earl. Even the cover of ”Frenzy” marked the change in the group, the crazy costumes and makeup of ”Dizrythmia” were gone, and the painting depicted them in casual clothes, standing in front of a farm shed in a bucolic New Zealand landscape. The album included re-recordings of some songs from the Luton tapes, but the band felt that Earl had failed to capture the magic and raw energy of the demos. That same month, Mushroom issued “I See Red” as a single in Australia. It was a frantic chunk of power pop with buzzsaw guitar and manic Farfisa organ, bearing the clear influence of English New Wave acts like XTC and Buzzcocks, and marking a significant change in their musical style, away from the ethereal, densely arranged epics of yore, and back to Tim’s first love: simple, concise, accessible, high-energy guitar pop. It didn’t chart in England but “I See Red” got a lot of attention and considerable airplay, and is credited as being the song that began the turn-around in their critical reputation in the UK. Many of the other Luton songs were never re-recorded, and were left as demos, although some eventually surfaced on A&M’s American version of ”Frenzy”, which was released in North America in 1981.

The group’s status was beginning to be restored, however the group was still facing some difficulties in this period. Having gained enough financial support from their music again, the group returned to Australia in late 1978 to see family and friends and also performed in various Australiasian locations. At the beginning of 1978, the band had agreed to appear at the 1979 Nambassa Festival to be staged in Waihi, New Zealand. Split Enz returned to New Zealand in January 1979, but two days before their scheduled appearance, all of the group’s equipment – valued at $30,000 at the time – was destroyed in a fire in Waimata Hall in Waihi only three hours after finishing rehearsals at midnight. Despite this setback, the group decided to honour their agreement and performed the festival on 28 January 1979. This proved to be a pivotal show for the group’s history, stunning friends and fans alike with their “towering performance” at the festival.

“I See Red” eventually peaked at #15 in February 1979, and ”Frenzy” produced one more single, “Give It A Whirl”, that May, the first Split Enz single to be written by Neil Finn. Neither the LP nor the second single charted, but one album track, “She Got Body, She Got Soul”, was later reworked for the soundtrack to the musical feature film ”Starstruck”.. A self-produced, non-album single “Things”, which featured the B-side “Semi-Detached” released in October 1979, also failed to chart.

The combination of the dramatic changes in the English music scene, the relatively poor commercial performance of ”Frenzy” and their precarious financial state forced the Enz to re-assess their music and image. The Luton tapes and the Nambassa show had proved to the band that the more melodic “power-pop” side of their music was a winner, so they worked hard on making the songs for their fifth album much more commercial, melodic and accessible, while they reined in the more outre aspects of their image. The wild makeup and hairstyles were also toned down (to a degree); Tim’s performance persona (a demented cross between Harold Lloyd and an escaped lunatic) was shelved, and Neil began to emerge from behind the horn-rimmed glasses and painted-on freckles of his original “nerdy schoolboy” image.

The evolution of streamlining and consolidating core melodic elements of Enz music organically bonded with a less harried visual approach, although the trademark Enz weirdness was never far from the surface. The genius of Noel Crombie’s contribution in design and manufacture of band clothing, art design, film clip Production; image cannot be underestimated as a primary reason why at this point in time Split Enz ‘engaged’ with the public in commercially popular terms. Neil’s generally optimistic, upbeat songs provided a perfect counterpoint to Tim’s edgier and more melancholic pieces. They were performing (more or less) as themselves, and Noel’s emblematic new costume, album and stage designs were stripped back to simple, striking geometric patterns which were both timeless yet perfect for the period.

Critical acclaim 1980 – 1984

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New Wave success

The album that allowed Split Enz to taste international success for the first time was 1980s ”True Colours”, produced by David Tickle. Mushroom Records were not supportive of this choice of producer. Tickle in his early 20′s had a special relationship with the Enz as a result of working with them on ‘I See Red’ at Ringo Starr’s Starling studios in the UK. Neil wrote and sang lead on the accessible single “I Got You”. Assisted by a catchy, Beatlesque chorus, and a simple but effective video produced by the ABC, “I Got You” took the Enz to the top of the Australian, NZ and Canadian charts, to #11 in Britain, and even got them onto the US charts, where the song reached #53, while the album peaked at #40. The song reached #1 in Australia on 14 April and remained there for eight weeks, going on to become the second highest-selling single for the year after Joe Dolce’s “Shaddup You Face”. The album peaked at #1 in Australia on the same day and stayed at the top for 10 weeks, charting in the Top 40 for almost a year. This success and subsequent media focus on the band helped to push all of their albums (except for ”Second Thoughts”) back into the New Zealand charts at the same time. ”True Colours” had now become Mushroom’s biggest selling band album ever and would remain so.

When it was released on A&M it featured multi-coloured shapes cut into the vinyl by a laser. The process allowed the vinyl to throw out a strobe-like stream of colours under certain lighting conditions. ”True Colours” was one of only three albums (the others being ”Paradise Theatre” by Styx, also on A&M and the soundtrack to the Superman Movie) on which this effect was ever used.

The band’s next LP, 1981′s ”Waiata” (which was called ”Corroboree” in Australia) also sold well although record company pressure to have the cover of the LP changed from brown to pink for the American market failed to increase sales in that country. Even so, the band received attention in the U.S. from the startup cable television channel MTV. “History Never Repeats” and “One Step Ahead”, two songs from the album, were among the first music videos to be played on the network when it launched in 1981.

Following ”Waiata”, drummer Malcolm Green was sacked from the group (he and Tim Finn wanted to pursue different musical directions) and Noel Crombie’s percussive duties were expanded to include the drum kit. While the split was played out to be amicable, it actually was not — although it is now regarded by all as ‘water under the bridge’.

The band’s next release ”Time & Tide” (1982) maintained their newfound commercial strength. However, the single “Six Months in a Leaky Boat” engendered some controversy when some thought the song was a veiled attack on the British acting against the invasion by the Argentines of the Falkland Islands and was removed from radio play lists in the UK. The band denied these allegations: it had actually been recorded in January 1982, months before the Falklands conflict. The album, while not a definitive concept album, did have a recurring nautical theme. Due to Tim Finn’s input, particularly with lyrics reflecting personal situations (“Haul Away” was Tim Finn’s life story in song), a number of critics jokingly referred to the album as “Tim & Tide”. ”Time and Tide” would go on to top the album charts in New Zealand, Canada and Australia.

Tim’s ”Escapade”

Early in 1983, after Split Enz decided to take a well earned break from their 3 years of recording and touring, Tim in his break from the group recorded a solo album with an all-star session group including producers Mark Moffatt (Divinyls, Ross Wilson), former Beach Boy Ricky Fataar and legendary session singer Venetta Fields. ”Escapade”, released in June 1983, was a major success in Australia, spawning several hits singles including “Fraction Too Much Friction” and the gospel-styled “Made My Day”. Tim won the Best Songwriter gong at the TV Week/Countdown Awards, and Split Enz won Best Album (for ”Time & Tide”) and the Most Popular Group award.

Despite its success, Tim’s solo album distracted him from the Enz, (Mushroom boss Michael Gudinski later said in hindsight without ever mentioning this to the band or their then management he would have prevented it if he had still been managing them at the time), and it delayed the recording of a timely follow-up to ”Time & Tide”, effectively stalling the momentum they had built over the previous three albums and making the chances of a lasting American breakthrough even slimmer.

Paul Hester joins

One more album was released with Tim (”Conflicting Emotions”), but he wrote only four of the songs on the album. At the end of 1983, a new band member, Paul Hester was brought in on drums. With their new drummer the band toured once more. All members during that time felt that it was like a new beginning. After the tour this was not to be the case.

After the successful tour, the Enz were back in the studio for another album. The creativity of the earlier years had diminished and Tim was becoming less and less happy with his Enz work. He left the band shortly after.

”See Ya ‘Round”

With his brother gone, Neil Finn became the ”de facto” leader of Split Enz. Crombie, Griggs, Hester and Rayner stayed and the group soldiered on, albeit now without any original members from their original lineup.

However, this incarnation released only one album, and even its title (”See Ya ‘Round”) clearly indicated that it was meant as a farewell offering. ”See Ya Round” was not a strong commercial success, (in fact, it was released only in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada), and Split Enz finally broke up in December 1984. But whatever tension there might have been between the band and Tim was resolved when they went on their final tour together, Enz with a Bang.

Split Enz have reformed several times for reunion tours. In December 1989 they toured Australia to headline the Concert Of The Decade tour, while New Zealand was given the 20th Anniversary tour with a one-off performance at the Wynyard Tavern (the place of Split Enz’s first gig) on December 10, 1992. In December 1999, they performed at the Millennium Concert on New Year’s Eve. In 2005, Split Enz were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame and in June of the following year, the Enz embarked on a series of capital city performances in Australia (the first time since 1989). On reunion tours, the group was usually in its Finn/Finn/Rayner/Crombie/Griggs/Hester lineup. After the death of Paul Hester in March 2005, Malcolm Green, the drummer from their most successful lineup (1977 – 1981), toured with them for the first time in 25 years.

After Split Enz — 1984–Current

Following his time with Split Enz, Phil Judd formed a band with Buster Stiggs and Bones Hillman named The Swingers. Later, he released a solo album ”Private Lives”. In 2006 Judd released his solo album ”Novelty Act” exclusively through the Split Enz fan club and his own website. In December 2008 he released a new solo album ‘Love Is A Moron,’ available through his website and major online retailers. He also creates artwork and portraits. Geoff and Mike Chunn returned to New Zealand and formed Citizen Band, and Mike Chunn later became the head of the Australasian Performing Right Association.

Following the demise of the group in 1984, Eddie Rayner played keyboards on Paul McCartney’s album ”Press to Play” in 1985 and The Angels album ”Howling” in 1986. Phil Judd, Noel Crombie and Nigel Griggs got back together in a new band, called Schnell Fenster, who released two albums. The albums were moderately successful. Rayner joined Schnell Fenster, but soon after decided to form his own band called The Makers, with whom he released two albums. His 1995 project ”ENZSO” saw some of the members sing the old Split Enz songs in an orchestral setting with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, and two albums were released with live recordings. He has released two solo albums. An instrumental solo album ”Horse”, and another album ”Play it Straight”.

Neil and Paul Hester (later joined briefly by Neil’s brother Tim) went on to form Crowded House, which was also very successful worldwide. After the demise of Crowded House, Neil started a solo career. Tim Finn has a successful solo career, and was in Crowded House for their third album. Eddie Rayner also joined Crowded House on keyboard for their early live performances. Family commitments prevented him becoming a full time member. Tim and Neil Finn were both awarded the OBE in June 1993 for their contribution to New Zealand music. Neil and Tim have also released two albums together as the Finn Brothers, the 1995 album ”Finn” and 2004′s mournful ”Everyone Is Here”, which was released as the brothers grieved their mother’s death. As of 2007 Crowded House have reformed after finding another drummer.

Emlyn Crowther later started a cult guitar effects company called “Crowther Audio”. Both Paul Hester and Tim Finn had collaborations (two videos by Paul, a version of “Six Months in a Leaky Boat” by Tim) with the Australian children music group The Wiggles. Paul Hester had a brief career in television following the demise of Crowded House with his own TV show, ”Hessie’s Shed”. Hester committed suicide on March 26, 2005 after a long battle with depression.

Current status

On July 17, 2005, Split Enz were inducted into the ARIA music awards hall of fame and performed “History Never Repeats” and “Poor Boy” at the event. Every member of Split Enz received an award and almost all of them were present, excepting Mike Howard who more than 30 years after leaving the band still does not comment on it, and Paul Hester who had committed suicide only 4 months earlier.

“Letters to my Frenz” (A Split Enz Book) was released in June 2006 via Rocket Pocket Books, a limited number were autographed by the band. The first print run sold out via the Frenz of the Enz club within weeks. It is currently out of print.

Split Enz last performed on 14 March 2009 at the Sound Relief benefit concert. This was a multi-venue rock music concert in support of relief for the Victorian Bushfire Crisis., with another concert held simultaneously at the Sydney Cricket Ground. All the proceeds from the Melbourne Concert went to the Red Cross Victorian Bushfire relief. Performing alongside Split Enz in Melbourne were, Augie March, Bliss N Eso with Paris Wells, Gabriella Cilmi, Jack Johnson, Kasey Chambers & Shane Nicholson with Troy Cassar-Daley, Kings Of Leon, Jet, Paul Kelly, Liam Finn, Wolfmother and reformed Hunters & Collectors and a reformed Midnight Oil including Peter Garrett.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Split Enz, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Appearance

Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4). Street market cocaine is frequently adulterated or “cut” with various powdery fillers to increase its weight; the substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda; sugars, such as lactose, dextrose, inositol, and mannitol; and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, which mimic or add to cocaine’s numbing effect on mucous membranes. Cocaine may also be “cut” with other stimulants such as methamphetamine. Adulterated cocaine is often a white, off-white or pinkish powder.

The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation – with ammonia or baking soda – and the presence of impurities, but will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature.

Forms of cocaine=

Salts

Cocaine, like many alkaloids can form many different salts, such as hydrochloride (HCl) and sulfate (-SO4). Different salts have different solvency in solvents. Its hydrochloride, like many alkaloid hydrochloride is polar and is soluble in water.

Basic

As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water soluble.

Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance (a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create). Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue and liver tissue.

Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution which will precipitate to non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent Liquid-liquid extraction.

Crack cocaine

Crack is a lower purity form of free-base cocaine and contains sodium bicarbonate as impurity. Freebase and crack are often administered by smoking. The origin of the name is from the crackling sound (hence the onomatopoeic “crack”) produced when cocaine containing impurities are heated.

Coca leaf infusions

Coca herbal infusion (also referred to as Coca tea) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions (prepared in tea pots with whole coca leaves) purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. The effects of drinking coca tea are a mild stimulation and mood lift. It does not produce any significant numbing of the mouth nor does it give a rush like snorting cocaine. In order to prevent the demonization of this product, its promoters publicize the unproven concept that much of the effect of the ingestion of coca leaf infusion would come from the secondary alkaloids, as being not only quantitatively different from pure cocaine but also qualitatively different.

It has been promoted as an adjuvant for the treatment of cocaine dependence. In one controversial study, coca leaf infusion was used -in addition to counseling- to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru. Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days prior to treatment to 217 days during treatment. These results suggest that the administration of coca leaf infusion plus counseling would be an effective method for preventing relapse during treatment for cocaine addiction. Importantly, these results also suggest strongly that the primary pharmacologically active metabolite in coca leaf infusions is actually cocaine and not the secondary alkaloids.

The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected in the urine of people a few hours after drinking one cup of coca leaf infusion.

Routes of administration=

Oral

Many users rub the powder along the gum line, or onto a cigarette filter which is then smoked, which numbs the gums and teeth – hence the colloquial names of “numbies”, “gummers” or “cocoa puffs” for this type of administration. This is mostly done with the small amounts of cocaine remaining on a surface after insufflation. Another oral method is to wrap up some cocaine in rolling paper and swallow (parachute) it. This is sometimes called a “snow bomb.”

Coca leaf

Coca leaves are typically mixed with an alkaline substance (such as lime) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the mouth between gum and cheek (much in the same as chewing tobacco is chewed) and sucked of its juices. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed. Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. Ingesting coca leaves generally is an inefficient means of administering cocaine. Advocates of the consumption of the coca leaf state that coca leaf consumption should not be criminalized as it is not actual cocaine, and consequently it is not properly the illicit drug. Because cocaine is hydrolyzed and rendered inactive in the acidic stomach, it is not readily absorbed when ingested alone. Only when mixed with a highly alkaline substance (such as lime) can it be absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach. The efficiency of absorption of orally administered cocaine is limited by two additional factors. First, the drug is partly catabolized by the liver. Second, capillaries in the mouth and esophagus constrict after contact with the drug, reducing the surface area over which the drug can be absorbed. Nevertheless, cocaine metabolites can be detected in the urine of subjects that have sipped even one cup of coca leaf infusion. Therefore, this is an actual additional form of administration of cocaine, albeit an inefficient one.

Orally administered cocaine takes approximately 30 minutes to enter the bloodstream. Typically, only a third of an oral dose is absorbed, although absorption has been shown to reach 60% in controlled settings. Given the slow rate of absorption, maximum physiological and psychotropic effects are attained approximately 60 minutes after cocaine is administered by ingestion. While the onset of these effects is slow, the effects are sustained for approximately 60 minutes after their peak is attained.

Contrary to popular belief, both ingestion and insufflation result in approximately the same proportion of the drug being absorbed: 30 to 60%. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes, however, a more realistic activation period is closer to 5 to 10 minutes, which is similar to ingestion of cocaine. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40–60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.

”Mate de coca” or coca-leaf infusion is also a traditional method of consumption and is often recommended in coca producing countries, like Peru and Bolivia, to ameliorate some symptoms of altitude sickness. This method of consumption has been practiced for many centuries by the native tribes of South America. One specific purpose of ancient coca leaf consumption was to increase energy and reduce fatigue in messengers who made multi-day quests to other settlements.

In 1986 an article in the ”Journal of the American Medical Association” revealed that U.S. health food stores were selling dried coca leaves to be prepared as an infusion as “Health Inca Tea.” While the packaging claimed it had been “decocainized,” no such process had actually taken place. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation, increased heart rate, and mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Despite this, the DEA seized several shipments in Hawaii, Chicago, Illinois, Georgia, and several locations on the East Coast of the United States, and the product was removed from the shelves.

Insufflation

Insufflation (known colloquially as “snorting,” “sniffing,” or “blowing”) is the most common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine in the Western world. The drug coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the sinuses. When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60%, with higher doses leading to increased absorption efficiency. Any material not directly absorbed through the mucous membranes is collected in mucus and swallowed (this “drip” is considered pleasant by some and unpleasant by others). In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6 minutes. Any damage to the inside of the nose is because cocaine highly constricts blood vessels and therefore blood and oxygen/nutrient flow to that area. Nosebleeds after cocaine insufflation are due to irritation and damage of mucus membranes by foreign particles and adulterants and not the cocaine itself; as a vasoconstrictor, cocaine acts to reduce bleeding.

Prior to insufflation, cocaine powder must be divided into very fine particles. Cocaine of high purity breaks into fine dust very easily, except when it is moist (not well stored) and forms “chunks,” which reduces the efficiency of nasal absorption.

Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. Such devices are often called “tooters” by users. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mirror, CD case or book) and divided into “bumps”, “lines” or “rails”, and then insufflated. As tolerance builds rapidly in the short-term (hours), many lines are often snorted to produce greater effects.

A study by Bonkovsky and Mehta reported that, just like shared needles, the sharing of straws used to “snort” cocaine can spread blood diseases such as Hepatitis C.

In the United States, as far back as 1992 many of the people sentenced by federal authorities for charges related to powder cocaine were Hispanic American; more Hispanics than non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black people received sentences for crimes related to powder cocaine.

Injection

Drug injection provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest amount of time. Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection (usually when in excess of 120 milligrams) lasting 2 to 5 minutes including tinnitus & audio distortion. This is colloquially referred to as a “bell ringer”. In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3.1 minutes. The euphoria passes quickly. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. As with all injected illicit substances, there is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used.

An injected mixture of cocaine and heroin, known as “speedball” is a particularly dangerous combination, as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose. It has been responsible for numerous deaths, including celebrities such as John Belushi, Chris Farley, Mitch Hedberg, River Phoenix and Layne Staley.

Experimentally, cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as fruit flies to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction.

Inhalation

Inhalation or smoking is one of the several means cocaine is administered. Cocaine is smoked by inhaling the vapor by sublimating solid cocaine by heating. In a 2000 Brookhaven National Laboratory medical department study, based on self reports of 32 abusers who participated in the study,”peak high” was found at mean of 1.4min +/- 0.5 minutes.

Smoking freebase or crack cocaine is most often accomplished using a pipe made from a small glass tube, often taken from “Love roses,” small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts. These are sometimes called “stems”, “horns”, “blasters” and “straight shooters”. A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad often called a “brillo” (actual Brillo pads contain soap, and are not used), or “chore”, named for ”Chore Boy” brand copper scouring pads, serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the “rock” can be melted and boiled to vapor. Crack smokers also sometimes smoke through a soda can with small holes in the bottom.

Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe; a flame held close to it produces vapor, which is then inhaled by the smoker. The effects, felt almost immediately after smoking, are very intense and do not last long usually five to fifteen minutes.

When smoked, cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs, such as cannabis, often rolled into a joint or blunt. Powdered cocaine is also sometimes smoked, though heat destroys much of the chemical; smokers often sprinkle it on cannabis.

The language referring to paraphernalia and practices of smoking cocaine vary, as do the packaging methods in the street level sale.

Physical mechanisms

The pharmacodynamics of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting monoamine uptake in rats with ratios of about: serotonin:dopamine = 2:3, serotonin:norepinephrine = 2:5) The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter protein. Dopamine transmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.e., the transporter binds the transmitter and pumps it out of the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron, where it is taken up into storage vesicles. Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter’s function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. This results in an enhanced and prolonged postsynaptic effect of dopaminergic signaling at dopamine receptors on the receiving neuron. Prolonged exposure to cocaine, as occurs with habitual use, leads to homeostatic dysregulation of normal (i.e. without cocaine) dopaminergic signaling via down-regulation of dopamine receptors and enhanced signal transduction. The decreased dopaminergic signaling after chronic cocaine use may contribute to depressive mood disorders and sensitize this important brain reward circuit to the reinforcing effects of cocaine (e.g. enhanced dopaminergic signalling only when cocaine is self-administered). This sensitization contributes to the intractable nature of addiction and relapse.

Dopamine-rich brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex are frequent targets of cocaine addiction research. Of particular interest is the pathway consisting of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area that terminate in the nucleus accumbens. This projection may function as a “reward center”, in that it seems to show activation in response to drugs of abuse like cocaine in addition to natural rewards like food or sex. While the precise role of dopamine in the subjective experience of reward is highly controversial among neuroscientists, the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is widely considered to be at least partially responsible for cocaine’s rewarding effects. This hypothesis is largely based on laboratory data involving rats that are trained to self-administer cocaine. If dopamine antagonists are infused directly into the nucleus accumbens, well-trained rats self-administering cocaine will undergo extinction (i.e. initially increase responding only to stop completely) thereby indicating that cocaine is no longer reinforcing (i.e. rewarding) the drug-seeking behavior.

Cocaine’s effects on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) show across multiple serotonin receptors, and is shown to inhibit the re-uptake of 5-HT3 specifically as an important contributor to the effects of cocaine. The overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors in cocaine conditioned rats display this trait, however the exact effect of 5-HT3 in this process is unclear. The 5-HT2 receptor (particularly the subtypes 5-HT2AR, 5-HT2BR and 5-HT2CR) show influence in the evocation of hyperactivity displayed in cocaine use.

In addition to the mechanism shown on the above chart, cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation whereas other stimulants (namely phenethylamines) stabilize the closed conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT that otherwise still forms when amphetamine and similar molecules are bound. Cocaine’s binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule. Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where & how on the transporter the molecule binds.

Sigma receptors are effected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. Further specific receptors it has been demonstrated to function on are NMDA and the D1 dopamine receptor.

Cocaine also blocks sodium channels, thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials; thus, like lignocaine and novocaine, it acts as a local anesthetic. It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine & serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed and the amphetamine class of stimulants which as well altogether lack that. In addition to this cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor as well. Cocaine also causes vasoconstriction, thus reducing bleeding during minor surgical procedures. The locomotor enhancing properties of cocaine may be attributable to its enhancement of dopaminergic transmission from the substantia nigra. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms and clock genes in behavioral actions of cocaine.

Because nicotine increases the levels of dopamine in the brain, many cocaine users find that consumption of tobacco products during cocaine use enhances the euphoria. This, however, may have undesirable consequences, such as uncontrollable chain smoking during cocaine use (even users who do not normally smoke cigarettes have been known to chain smoke when using cocaine), in addition to the detrimental health effects and the additional strain on the cardiovascular system caused by tobacco.

In addition to irritability, mood disturbances, restlessness, paranoia, and auditory hallucinations, cocaine use can cause several dangerous physical conditions. It can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks, as well as chest pains or even respiratory failure. In addition, strokes, seizures and headaches are common in heavy users.

Cocaine can often cause reduced food intake, many chronic users lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.

Metabolism and excretion

Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. The metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine (BE), the major metabolite, and other significant metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and ecgonine. Further minor metabolites of cocaine include norcocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE), and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine. These do not include metabolites created beyond the standard metabolism of the drug in the human body, like for example by the process of pyrolysis such as is the case with methylecgonidine.

Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Benzoylecgonine can be detected in urine within four hours after cocaine intake and remains detectable in concentrations greater than 150& ng/ml typically for up to eight days after cocaine is used. Detection of accumulation of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out.

If consumed with alcohol, cocaine combines with alcohol in the liver to form cocaethylene. Studies have suggested cocaethylene is both more euphorigenic, and has a higher cardiovascular toxicity than cocaine by itself.

A study in mice has suggested that capsaicin found in pepper spray may interact with cocaine with potentially fatal consequences. The method through which they would interact however, is not known.

Detection in biological fluids

Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system. Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration.

Effects and health issues

Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from 15–30 minutes to an hour, depending upon the method of ingestion.

Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Athletic performance may be enhanced in sports where sustained attention and endurance is required. Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are also frequent. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed.

Health problems from the use of legal substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco, are greater than health problems from cocaine use. Occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems.

Acute

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Cocaine, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. BP values are reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not use mercury.

For each heartbeat, BP varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120& mmHg systolic and 80& mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken [in the US] as “one-twenty over eighty”).

Systolic and diastolic arterial BPs are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, BP is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.

Arterial pressures are usually measured non-invasively, without penetrating skin or artery. Measuring pressure invasively, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting.

Noninvasive measurement

The noninvasive auscultatory and oscillometric measurements are simpler and quicker than invasive measurements, require less expertise, have virtually no complications, are less unpleasant and less painful for the patient. However, noninvasive methods may yield somewhat lower accuracy and small systematic differences in numerical results. Noninvasive measurement methods are more commonly used for routine examinations and monitoring.

Palpation method

A minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by palpation, most often used in emergency situations. Historically, students have been taught that palpation of a radial pulse indicates a minimum BP of 80& mmHg, a femoral pulse indicates at least 70& mmHg, and a carotid pulse indicates a minimum of 60& mmHg. However, at least one study indicated that this method often overestimates patients’ systolic BP.

A more accurate value of systolic BP can be obtained with a sphygmomanometer and palpating the radial pulse. The diastolic blood pressure can not be estimated by this method. The American Heart Association recommends that palpation is used to get an estimate before using the auscultatory method.

Auscultatory method

The auscultatory method (from the Latin word for “listening”) uses a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer. This comprises an inflatable (”Riva-Rocci”) cuff placed around the upper arm at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or aneroid manometer. The mercury manometer, considered the gold standard, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration and, consequently, not subject to the errors and drift of calibration which affect other methods. The use of mercury manometers is often required in clinical trials and for the clinical measurement of hypertension in high-risk patients, such as pregnant women.

A cuff of appropriate size is fitted smoothly and snugly, then inflated manually by repeatedly squeezing a rubber bulb until the artery is completely occluded. Listening with the stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. When blood just starts to flow in the artery, the turbulent flow creates a “whooshing” or pounding (first Korotkoff sound). The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic BP. The cuff pressure is further released until no sound can be heard (fifth Korotkoff sound), at the diastolic arterial pressure.

The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.

Oscillometric method

The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse. The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. It uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic pressure sensor (transducer) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy.

Oscillometric measurement requires less skill than the auscultatory technique and may be suitable for use by untrained staff and for automated patient home monitoring.

The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure and then reduced to below diastolic pressure over a period of about 30& seconds. When blood flow is nil (cuff pressure exceeding systolic pressure) or unimpeded (cuff pressure below diastolic pressure), cuff pressure will be essentially constant. It is essential that the cuff size is correct: undersized cuffs may yield too high a pressure; oversized cuffs yield too low a pressure. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery, i.e., it will oscillate. The values of systolic and diastolic pressure are computed, not actually measured from the raw data, using an algorithm; the computed results are displayed.

Oscillometric monitors may produce inaccurate readings in patients with heart and circulation problems, which include arterial sclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus.

In practice the different methods do not give identical results; an algorithm and experimentally obtained coefficients are used to adjust the oscillometric results to give readings which match the auscultatory results as well as possible. Some equipment uses computer-aided analysis of the instantaneous arterial pressure waveform to determine the systolic, mean, and diastolic points. Since many oscillometric devices have not been validated, caution must be given as most are not suitable in clinical and acute care settings.

The term NIBP, for non-invasive blood pressure, is often used to describe oscillometric monitoring equipment.

White-coat hypertension

For some patients, BP measurements taken in a doctor’s office may not correctly characterize their typical BP. In up to 25% of patients, the office measurement is higher than their typical BP. This type of error is called white-coat hypertension (WCH) and can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional. The misdiagnosis of hypertension for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. WCH can be reduced (but not eliminated) with automated BP measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a quiet part of the office or clinic.

Debate continues regarding the significance of this effect. Some reactive patients will react to many other stimuli throughout their daily lives and require treatment. In some cases a lower BP reading occurs at the doctor’s office.

Home monitoring

Ambulatory blood pressure devices that take readings every half hour throughout the day and night have been used for identifying and mitigating measurement problems like white-coat hypertension. Except for sleep, home monitoring could be used for these purposes instead of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Home monitoring may be used to improve hypertension management and to monitor the effects of lifestyle changes and medication related to BP. Compared to ambulatory blood pressure measurements, home monitoring has been found to be an effective and lower cost alternative.

Aside from the white-coat effect, BP readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the majority of people. The studies that looked into the risks from hypertension and the benefits of lowering BP in affected patients were based on readings in a clinical environment.

When measuring BP, an accurate reading requires that one not drink coffee, smoke cigarettes, or engage in strenuous exercise for 30& minutes before taking the reading. A full bladder may have a small effect on BP readings; if the urge to urinate exists, one should do so before the reading. For 5& minutes before the reading, one should sit upright in a chair with one’s feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed. The BP cuff should always be against bare skin, as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate. During the reading, the arm that is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level, for example by resting it on a table.

Since BP varies throughout the day, measurements intended to monitor changes over longer time frames should be taken at the same time of day to ensure that the readings are comparable. Suitable times are:

* immediately after awakening (before washing/dressing and taking breakfast/drink), while the body is still resting,

* immediately after finishing work.

Automatic self-contained BP monitors are available at reasonable prices, some of which are capable of Korotkoff’s measurement in addition to oscillometric methods, enabling irregular heartbeat patients to accurately measure their blood pressure at home.

Invasive measurement

Arterial blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively through an arterial line. Invasive arterial pressure measurement with intravascular cannulae involves direct measurement of arterial pressure by placing a cannula needle in an artery (usually radial, femoral, dorsalis pedis or brachial). This procedure can be done by any licensed medical doctor, nurse, or a Respiratory Therapist.

The cannula must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. The advantage of this system is that pressure is constantly monitored beat-by-beat, and a waveform (a graph of pressure against time) can be displayed. This invasive technique is regularly employed in human and veterinary intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes.

Cannulation for invasive vascular pressure monitoring is infrequently associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, and bleeding. Patients with invasive arterial monitoring require very close supervision, as there is a danger of severe bleeding if the line becomes disconnected. It is generally reserved for patients where rapid variations in arterial pressure are anticipated.

Invasive vascular pressure monitors are pressure monitoring systems designed to acquire pressure information for display and processing. There are a variety of invasive vascular pressure monitors for trauma, critical care, and operating room applications. These include single pressure, dual pressure, and multi-parameter (i.e. pressure / temperature). The monitors can be used for measurement and follow-up of arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, right atrial, femoral arterial, umbilical venous, umbilical arterial, and intracranial pressures.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Blood pressure, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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ADHD is diagnosed via a psychiatric assessment; to rule out other potential causes or comorbidities, physical examination, radiological imaging, and laboratory tests may be used.

In North America, the DSM-IV criteria are often the basis for a diagnosis, while European countries usually use the ICD-10. If the DSM-IV criteria are used, rather than the ICD-10, a diagnosis of ADHD is 3–4 times more likely. Factors other than those within the DSM or ICD however have been found to affect the diagnosis in clinical practice. A child’s social and school environment as well as academic pressures at school are likely to be of influence.

Many of the symptoms of ADHD occur from time to time in everyone; in patients with ADHD, the frequency of these symptoms is greater and patients’ lives are significantly impaired. Impairment must occur in multiple settings to be classified as ADHD. As with many other psychiatric and medical disorders, the formal diagnosis is made by a qualified professional in the field based on a set number of criteria. In the USA these criteria are laid down by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 4th edition. Based on the DSM-IV criteria listed below, three types of ADHD are classified:

# ADHD, Combined Type: if both criteria 1A and 1B are met for the past 6 months

# ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type: if criterion 1A is met but criterion 1B is not met for the past six months

# ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if criterion 1B is met but criterion 1A is not met for the past six months.

The previously used term ”ADD” expired with the most recent revision of the DSM. Consequently, ADHD is the current nomenclature used to describe the disorder as one distinct disorder which can manifest itself as being a primary deficit resulting in hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD, predominately hyperactive-impulsive type) or inattention (ADHD predominately inattentive type) or both (ADHD combined type).

DSM-IV criteria

IA. Six or more of the following signs of inattention have been present for at least 6 months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:

:* ”Inattention:”

:# Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.

:# Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.

:# Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.

:# Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).

:# Often has trouble organizing activities.

:# Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn’t want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).

:# Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (such as toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).

:# Is often easily distracted.

:# Often forgetful in daily activities.

IB. Six or more of the following signs of hyperactivity-impulsivity have been present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:

:* ”Hyperactivity:”

:# Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat.

:# Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected.

:# Often runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may feel very restless).

:# Often has trouble playing or enjoying leisure activities quietly.

:# Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor”.

:# Often talks excessively.

:* ”Impulsiveness:”

:# Often blurts out answers before questions have been finished. (See: NAQT)

:# Often has trouble waiting one’s turn.

:# Often interrupts or intrudes on others (example: butts into conversations or games).

II. Some signs that cause impairment were present before age 7 years.

III. Some impairment from the signs is present in two or more settings (such as at school/work and at home).

IV. There must be clear evidence of significant impairment in social, school, or work functioning.

V. The signs do not happen only during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder. The signs are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (such as Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder, or a Personality Disorder).

ICD-10

In the tenth edition of the ”International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems” (ICD-10) the signs of ADHD are given the name “Hyperkinetic disorders”. When a conduct disorder (as defined by ICD-10) is present, the condition is referred to as “Hyperkinetic conduct disorder”. Otherwise the disorder is classified as “Disturbance of Activity and Attention”, “Other Hyperkinetic Disorders” or “Hyperkinetic Disorders, Unspecified”. The latter is sometimes referred to as, “Hyperkinetic Syndrome”.

Other diagnostic guidelines

The American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for children with ADHD emphasizes that a reliable diagnosis is dependent upon the fulfillment of three criteria:

* The use of explicit criteria for the diagnosis using the DSM-IV-TR.

* The importance of obtaining information about the child’s signs in more than one setting.

* The search for coexisting conditions that may make the diagnosis more difficult or complicate treatment planning.

All three criteria are determined using the patient’s history given by the parents, teachers and/or the patient.

Adults often continue to be impaired by ADHD. Adults with ADHD are diagnosed under the same criteria, including the stipulation that their signs must have been present prior to the age of seven. Adults face some of their greatest challenges in the areas of self-control and self-motivation, as well as executive functioning, usually having more signs of inattention and fewer of hyperactivity or impulsiveness than children do.

Comorbid conditions

Common comorbid conditions include oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). About 20% to 25% of children with ODD meet criteria for a learning disorder. Learning disorders are more common when there are inattention signs.

Comorbid disorders or substance abuse can make the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD more difficult. Psychosocial therapy is useful in treating some comorbid conditions. ADHD is not, in boys, associated with increased substance misuse unless there is comorbid conduct disorder; but “research needs to examine the extent to which ADHD in adulthood increases the risk of substance use disorders.”

Depression may also coincide with ADHD, increasingly prevalent among girls and older children.

Epilepsy is a commonly found comorbid disorder in ADHD diagnosed individuals. Some forms of epilepsy can also cause ADHD like behaviour which can be misdiagnosed as ADHD.

Differential diagnoses

To make the diagnosis of ADHD, a number of other possible medical and psychological conditions must be excluded.

Medical conditions

Medical conditions that must be excluded include: hypothyroidism, anemia, lead poisoning, chronic illness, hearing or vision impairment, substance abuse, medication side effects, sleep impairment and child abuse, and cluttering (tachyphemia) among others.

Sleep conditions

As with other psychological and neurological issues, the relationship between ADHD and sleep is complex. In addition to clinical observations, there is substantial empirical evidence from a neuroanatomic standpoint to suggest that there is considerable overlap in the central nervous system centers that regulate sleep and those that regulate attention/arousal. Primary sleep disorders play a role in the clinical presentation of symptoms of inattention and behavioral dysregulation. There are multilevel and bidirectional relationships among sleep, neurobehavioral functioning and the clinical syndrome of ADHD.

Behavioral manifestations of sleepiness in children range from the classic ones (yawning, rubbing eyes), to externalizing behaviors (impulsivity, hyperactivity, aggressiveness), to mood lability and inattentiveness. Many sleep disorders are important causes of symptoms which may overlap with the cardinal symptoms of ADHD; children with ADHD should be regularly and systematically assessed for sleep problems.

From a clinical standpoint, mechanisms that account for the phenomenon of excessive daytime sleepiness include:

* Chronic sleep deprivation, that is insufficient sleep for physiologic sleep needs,

* Fragmented or disrupted sleep, caused by, for example, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD),

* Primary clinical disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness, such as narcolepsy and

* Circadian rhythm disorders, such as delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). A study in the Netherlands compared two groups of unmedicated 6-12-year-olds, all of them with “rigorously diagnosed ADHD”. 87 of them had problems getting to sleep, 33 had no sleep problems. The larger group had a significantly later dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) than did the children with no sleep problems.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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: ”Also see (for more details): 20th century events”.

Wars and politics

* After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new birth control techniques, women became more independent throughout the century.

* Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness were among the many causes of World War I (1914–1918), the first of two wars to involve many major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia/USSR, the United States and the British Empire. World War I led to the creation of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe. At the time it was said by many to be the “war to end war”.

* Civil wars occurred in many nations. A violent civil war broke out in Spain in 1936 when General Francisco Franco rebelled against the Second Spanish Republic. Many consider this war as a testing battleground for World War II, as the fascist armies bombed some Spanish territories.

* The economic and political aftermath of World War I and the Great Depression in the 1930s led to the rise of fascism and nazism in Europe, and subsequently to World War II (1939–1945). This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. Civilians also suffered greatly in World War II, due to the aerial bombing of cities on both sides, and the German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust. In 1945, Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed with nuclear weapons.

* During World War I, in Russia the Bolshevik putsch took over the Russian Revolution of 1917, precipitating the founding of the Soviet Union and the rise of communism. After the Soviet Union’s involvement in World War II, communism became a major force in global politics, notably in Eastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba, where communist parties gained near-absolute power. This led to the Cold War and proxy wars with the West, including wars in Korea (1950–1953) and Vietnam (1957–1975).

* The Soviet authorities caused the deaths of millions of their own citizens in order to eliminate domestic opposition. More than 18 million people passed through the Gulag, with a further 6 million being exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union.

* The civil rights movement in the United States and the movement against apartheid in South Africa challenged racial segregation in those countries.

* The two world wars led to efforts to increase international cooperation, notably through the founding of the League of Nations after World War I, and its successor, the United Nations, after World War II.

* Nationalist movements in the sub continent led to the independence of India and Pakistan.

* Gandhi’s non-violence and civil disobedience influenced many political movements around the world, including civil rights movement in USA, freedom movements in South Africa, Tibet and Burma.

* The creation of Israel, a Jewish state in the Middle East, by the British Mandate of Palestine fueled many regional conflicts. These were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the other countries of the mostly Arab region.

* The end of colonialism led to the independence of many African and Asian countries. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the United States, the USSR, or China for defense.

* After a long period of civil wars and conflicts with European powers, China’s last imperial dynasty ended in 1912. The resulting republic was replaced, after yet another civil war, by a communist People’s Republic in 1949. At the end of the century, though still ruled by a communist party, China’s economic system had transformed almost completely to capitalism.

* The Great Chinese Famine was a direct cause of the death of tens of millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. It is thought to be the largest famine in human history.

*The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, culminating in the deaths of hundreds of civilian protestors, were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing,China. Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in a year that saw the collapse of a number of communist governments around the world.

* The revolutions of 1989 released Eastern and Central Europe from Soviet supremacy. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia dissolved, the latter violently over several years, into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism. East Germany and West Germany were reunified in 1990.

* European integration began in earnest in the 1950s, and eventually led to the European Union, a political and economic union that comprised 15 countries at the end of the century.

Culture and entertainment

* As the century began, Paris was the artistic capital of the world, where both French and foreign writers, composers and visual artists gathered.

* Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and much music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.

* Visual culture became more dominant not only in movies but in comics and television as well. During the century a new skilled understanding of narrativist imagery was developed.

* Computer games and internet surfing became new and popular form of entertainment during the last 25 years of the century.

* In literature, science fiction, fantasy (with well developed, rich in detail fictional worlds), alternative history fiction gained unprecedented popularity. Detective fiction gained unprecedented popularity between the two world wars.

* Blues and jazz music became popularized during the 1910s and 1920s in the United States. Blues went on to influence rock and roll in the 1950s, which only increased in popularity with the British Invasion of the mid-to-late ’60s. Rock soon branched into many different genres, including heavy metal, punk rock, and alternative rock and became the dominant genre of popular music. This was challenged with the rise of hip hop in the 1980s and 1990s. Other genres such as house, techno, reggae, and soul all developed during the latter half of the 20th century and went through various periods of popularity.

* Modern Dance is born in America as a ‘rebellion’ against centuries-old European ballet. Dancers and choreographers such as Isadora Duncan, Ruth St. Denis, Martha Graham, Jose Limon, Doris Humphrey, Merce Cunningham and Paul Taylor re-define movement, struggling to bring it back to its ‘natural’ roots and along with Jazz, create a solely American art form.

* In classical music, composition branched out into many completely new domains, including dodecaphony, aleatoric (chance) music, and minimalism.

* Synthesizers began to be employed widely in music and crossed over into the mainstream with new wave music in the 1980s. Electronic instruments have been widely deployed in all manners of popular music and has led to the development of such genres as house, synthpop, electronic dance music, and industrial.

* The art world experienced the development of new styles and explorations such as expressionism, Dadaism, cubism, de stijl, abstract expressionism and surrealism.

* The modern art movement revolutionized art and culture and set the stage for both Modernism and its counterpart postmodern art as well as other contemporary art practices.

* Art Noveau began as the most advanced architecture and design but went unfashionable after World War I. The style was very dynamic and highly inventive, however the depression of the Great War made it difficult to keep up such a high standard.

* In Europe, modern architecture departed radically from the excess decoration of the Victorian era. Streamlined forms inspired by machines became more commonplace, enabled by developments in building materials and technologies. Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop.

* The automobile vastly increased the mobility of people in the Western countries in the early to mid-century, and in many other places by the end of the century. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car.

* The popularity of sport increased considerably—both as an activity for all, and as entertainment, particularly on television. Several dictators in the 20th Century supported organised sport.

Science

* Starting with invention of Turing machine, new fields of mathematics studying computability and computation complexity were developed.

* Gödel’s incompleteness theorems were formulated and proven.

* New areas of physics, like special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics, were developed during the first half of the century.

* While some pioneering experiments about internal structure of atoms had been made at the end of 19th century, it is only in 20th century the structure of atoms was clearly understood, followed by discovery of elementary particles.

* It was found that all the known forces can be traced to only four fundamental interactions. It was discovered further that two of them, namely electromagnetism and weak interaction, can be merged in the electroweak interaction, leaving only three different fundamental interactions.

* Discovery of nuclear reactions, in particular nuclear fusion, finally solved the problem of the source of solar energy. The age of solar system, including Earth, was determined and it turned to be much older than what was considered before (more than 4 billion years rather than 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862).

* Radiocarbon dating became a powerful technique to determine the age of prehistoric animals and plants as well as historical objects. No such technique existed in the 19th century.

* In astronomy, much better understanding of the evolution of the Universe was achieved, its age was determined, the Big Bang theory was proposed. The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed; minor planets such as Pluto were discovered on the edge of the Solar System. It was found that there is no sentient (or complex animal or plant) life on their surface. Extrasolar planets were observed for the first time.

* In biology, genetics was unanimously accepted and significantly developed. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson and Crick, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human Genome Project (not finished in 20th century) and cloning the first mammal in 1996.

* The role of sex reproduction in evolution was understood, and bacterial conjugation was discovered.

Technology

* The number and types of home appliances increased dramatically due to advancements in technology, electricity availability, and increases in wealth and leisure time. Such basic appliances as washing machines, clothes dryers, furnaces, exercise machines, refrigerators, freezers, electric stoves, and vacuum cleaners all became popular from the 1920s through the 1950s. The microwave oven became popular during the 1980s. Radios were popularized as a form of entertainment during the 1920s, which extended to television during the 1950s. Cable television spread rapidly during the 1980s. Personal computers began to enter the home during the 1970s-1980s as well. The age of the portable music player grew during the 1960s with the development of 8-track and cassette tapes, which slowly began to replace record players. These were in turn replaced by the CD during the late 1980s and 1990s. The proliferation of the Internet in the mid-to-late 1990s made digital distribution of music (mp3s) possible. VCRs were popularized in the 1970s, but by the end of the millennium, DVDs were beginning to replace them.

* The first airplane was flown in 1903. With the engineering of the faster jet engine in the 1940s, mass air travel became commercially viable.

* The assembly line made mass production of the automobile viable. By the end of the century, billions of people had automobiles for personal transportation. The combination of the automobile, motor boats and air travel allowed for unprecedented personal mobility. In western nations, motor vehicle accidents became the greatest cause of death for young people. However, expansion of divided highways reduced the death rate.

* The triode tube (Audion), transistor and integrated circuit revolutionized computers, leading to the proliferation of the personal computer in the 1980s and cell phones and the public-use Internet in the 1990s.

* New materials, most notably stainless steel, plastics, polyethylene, Velcro, and teflon, came into widespread use for many various applications.

* Aluminum became an inexpensive metal and became second only to iron in use. Semiconductors were put to use in electronic objects.

* Thousands of chemicals were developed for industrial processing and home use.

* The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union gave a peaceful outlet to the political and military tensions of the Cold War, leading to the first human spaceflight with the Soviet Union’s ”Vostok 1” mission in 1961, and man’s first landing on another world—the Moon—with America’s ”Apollo 11” mission in 1969. Later, the first space station was launched by the Soviet space program. The United States developed the first (and to date only) reusable spacecraft system with the Space Shuttle program, first launched in 1981. As the century ended, a permanent manned presence in space was being founded with the ongoing construction of the International Space Station.

* In addition to Human spaceflight, unmanned space probes became a practical and relatively inexpensive form of exploration. The first orbiting space probe, ”Sputnik 1”, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. These satellites greatly advanced navigation, communications, military intelligence, geology, climate, and numerous other fields. Also, by the end of the century, unmanned probes had visited the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and various asteroids and comets. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, greatly expanded our understanding of the Universe and brought brilliant images to TV and computer screens around the world.

Medicine

* Placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trials became a powerful tool for testing new medicines.

* Antibiotics drastically reduced mortality from bacterial diseases and their prevalence.

* A vaccine was developed for polio, ending a worldwide epidemic. Effective vaccines were also developed for a number of other serious infectious diseases, including influenza, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B.

* A successful application of epidemiology and vaccination led to the eradication of the smallpox virus in humans.

* X-rays became powerful diagnostic tool for wide spectrum of diseases, from bone fractures to cancer. In the 1960s, computerized tomography was invented. Other important diagnostic tools developed were sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

* Development of vitamins virtually eliminated scurvy and other vitamin-deficiency diseases from industrialized societies.

* New psychiatric drugs were developed. These include antipsychotics for treating hallucinations and delusions, and antidepressants for treating depression.

* The role of tobacco smoking in the causation of cancer and other diseases was proven during the 1950s (see British Doctors Study).

* New methods for cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, were developed. As a result, cancer could often be cured or placed in remission.

* The development of blood typing and blood banking made blood transfusion safe and widely available.

* The invention and development of immunosuppressive drugs and tissue typing made organ and tissue transplantation a clinical reality.

* Research on sleep and circadian rhythms led to the discovery of sleep disorders.

* New methods for heart surgery were developed, including pacemakers and artificial hearts.

* Cocaine/crack and heroin were found to be dangerous addictive drugs, and their wide usage had been outlawed; mind-altering drugs such as LSD and MDMA were discovered and later outlawed. In many countries, a war on drugs caused prices to soar 10x-20x higher, leading to profitable black market drugdealing, and to prison inmate sentences being 80% related to drug use by the 1990s.

* Contraceptive drugs were developed, which reduced population growth rates in industrialized countries.

* The development of medical insulin during the 1920s helped raise the life expectancy of diabetics to three times of what it had been earlier.

* The elucidation of the structure and function of DNA initiated the development of genetic engineering and the mapping of the human genome.

* Masturbation was found to be a harmless activity. Beliefs that it seriously harms physical and mental health, shared by 19th century physicians, were found to be wrong.

* As a result of some of the above developments, most notably antibiotics and vaccines, child and young people’s mortality decreased drastically.

Notable diseases

* An influenza pandemic, the Spanish Flu, killed anywhere from 20 to 100 million people between 1918 and 1919.

* A new viral disease, AIDS, arose in Africa and subsequently killed millions of people throughout the world. AIDS treatments remained inaccessible to many people living with AIDS in developing countries, and a cure has yet to be discovered.

* Because of increased life spans, the prevalence of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other diseases of old age increased slightly.

* Sedentary lifestyles, due to labor-saving devices and technology, contributed to an “epidemic” of obesity, at first in the rich countries, but by the end of the century, increasingly in the developing world, too.

Energy and the environment

* The dominant use of fossil sources and nuclear power, considered the conventional energy sources.

* Widespread use of petroleum in industry—both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane—led to the vital geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world’s oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. (For example, oil was a factor in Japan’s decision to go to war against the United States in 1941, and the oil cartel, OPEC, used an oil embargo of sorts in the wake of the Yom Kippur War in the 1970s).

* A vast increase in fossil fuel consumption caused smog and other forms of air pollution, global warming, local and global climate change.

* Pesticides, herbicides and other toxic chemicals accumulated in the environment, including the bodies of humans and other animals.

* Overpopulation and worldwide deforestation diminished the quality of the environment.

The world at the end of the century

By the end of the 20th century, more technological advances had been made than in all of preceding history. Communications and information technology, transportation technology, and medical advances had radically altered daily lives. Europe appeared to be at a sustainable peace for the first time in recorded history. The people of the Indian subcontinent, a sixth of the world population at the end of the century, had attained an indigenous independence for the first time in centuries. China, an ancient nation comprising a fifth of the world population, was finally open to the world in a new and powerful synthesis of west and east, creating a new state after the near-complete destruction of the old cultural order. With the end of colonialism and the Cold War, nearly a billion people in Africa were left with truly independent new nation states, some cut from whole cloth, standing up after centuries of foreign domination.

The world was undergoing its second major period of globalization; the first, which started in the 18th century, having been terminated by World War I. Since the U.S. was in a position of almost unchallenged domination, a major part of the process was Americanization. This led to anti-Western and anti-American feelings in parts of the world, especially the Middle East. The influence of China and India was also rising, as the world’s largest populations, long marginalized by the West and by their own rulers, were rapidly integrating with the world economy.

Terrorism, dictatorship, and the spread of nuclear weapons were some issues requiring attention. The world was still blighted by small-scale wars and other violent conflicts, fueled by competition over resources and by ethnic conflicts. Despots such as Kim Jong-il of North Korea continued to lead their nations toward the development of nuclear weapons.

Disease threatened to destabilize many regions of the world. New viruses such as SARS and West Nile continued to spread. Malaria and other diseases affected large populations. Millions were infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS. The virus was becoming an epidemic in southern Africa.

Some speculate that in the long term, environmental problems may threaten the planet’s liveability. One popular belief is that global warming may be occurring, and may be due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. This prompted many nations to negotiate and sign the Kyoto treaty, which set mandatory limits on carbon dioxide emissions.

World population

Some believe that significant driver of many of the problems at the end of the 20th century was overpopulation. Yet the 20th century is most notable for the sheer numbers of mass genocide and the killing of over 262 million people by government. See, for example, “Power Kills” and updated statistics for 1900-1999 at the [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/20TH.HTM University of Hawaii.] Government action, rather than economic or social conditions, or even international conflict and war, were the driving causes of death in the 20th Century.

Overpopulation has been a fascination of many including economic theorist Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus whose “An Essay on the Principal of Population” was first published in 1798. At the century’s end, the global population was 6.1 billion and rising. In the long term, it was predicted that the population would probably reach a plateau of nine billion around 2050.

==Sources

*

Adapted from the Wikipedia article 20th century, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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# Peters A, Lehnert H 2007 [Metabolic syndrome. Origin within the central nervous system?]. Internist (Berl) 48:134-143

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# Oltmanns KM, Dodt B, Schultes B, Raspe HH, Schweiger U, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2006 Cortisol correlates with metabolic disturbances in a population study of type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Endocrinol 154:325-331

# Schultes B, Schmid S, Peters A, Born J, Fehm HL 2005 Sleep loss and the development of diabetes: a review of current evidence. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 113:563-567

# Schultes B, Peters A, Hallschmid M, Benedict C, Merl V, Oltmanns KM, Born J, Fehm HL, Kern W 2005 Modulation of food intake by glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2884-2889

# Bahlmann L, Oltmanns KM, Peters A, Poeling J, Schwemmer U, Heringlake M, Klaus S 2005 Metabolic stress during hypoglycaemia clamp assessed by microdialysis. Minerva Anestesiol 71:711-716

# Oltmanns KM, Gehring H, Rudolf S, Schultes B, Hackenberg C, Schweiger U, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2006 Acute hypoxia decreases plasma VEGF concentration in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290:E434-E439

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# Oltmanns KM, Fehm HL, Peters A 2005 Chronic fentanyl application induces adrenocortical insufficiency. J Intern Med 257:478-480

# Kern W, Peters A, Born J, Fehm HL, Schultes B 2005 Changes in blood pressure and plasma catecholamine levels during prolonged hyperinsulinemia. Metabolism 54:391-396

# Schultes B, Peters A, Kern W, Gais S, Oltmanns KM, Fehm HL, Born J 2005 Processing of food stimuli is selectively enhanced during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:496-504

# Oltmanns KM, Peters A, Kern W, Fehm HL, Born J, Schultes B 2005 Preserved inhibitory effect of recurrent hypoglycaemia on the male gonadotrophic axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:217-222

# Fehm L, Kern W, Peters A 2004 [Body weight regulation through the central nervous system. The development of a pathogenetically based adiposity therapy]. Med Klin (Munich) 99:674-679

# Merl V, Peters A, Oltmanns KM, Kern W, Hubold C, Hallschmid M, Born J, Fehm HL, Schultes B 2004 Preserved circadian rhythm of serum insulin concentration at low plasma glucose during fasting in lean and overweight humans. Metabolism 53:1449-1453

# Schultes B, Kern W, Oltmanns K, Peters A, Gais S, Fehm HL, Born J 2005 Differential adaptation of neurocognitive brain functions to recurrent hypoglycemia in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:149-161

# Merl V, Kern W, Peters A, Oltmanns KM, Gais S, Born J, Fehm HL, Schultes B 2004 Differences between nighttime and daytime hypoglycemia counterregulation in healthy humans. Metabolism 53:894-898

# Fehm HL, Born J, Peters A 2004 Glucocorticoids and melanocortins in the regulation of body weight in humans. Horm Metab Res 36:360-364

# Peters A, Schweiger U, Pellerin L, Hubold C, Oltmanns KM, Conrad M, Schultes B, Born J, Fehm HL 2004 The selfish brain: competition for energy resources. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28:143-180

# Oltmanns KM, Gehring H, Rudolf S, Schultes B, Rook S, Schweiger U, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2004 Hypoxia causes glucose intolerance in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:1231-1237

# Oltmanns KM, Deininger E, Wellhoener P, Schultes B, Kern W, Marx E, Dominiak P, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2003 Influence of captopril on symptomatic and hormonal responses to hypoglycaemia in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 55:347-353

# Schultes B, Oltmanns KM, Kern W, Fehm HL, Born J, Peters A 2003 Modulation of hunger by plasma glucose and metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1133-1141

# Gais S, Born J, Peters A, Schultes B, Heindl B, Fehm HL, Werner K 2003 Hypoglycemia counterregulation during sleep. Sleep 26:55-59

# Schultes B, Oltmanns KM, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2002 Acute and prolonged effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the pituitary-thyroid axis in humans. Metabolism 51:1370-1374

# Dodt B, Peters A, Heon-Klin V, Matthis C, Raspe A, Raspe H 2002 [Rehabilitation score for patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus: An instrument to standardize assessment of the need for rehabilitation]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 41:237-248

# Peters A, Schweiger U, Fruhwald-Schultes B, Born J, Fehm HL 2002 The neuroendocrine control of glucose allocation. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 110:199-211

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Oltmanns KM, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2002 The effect of experimentally induced insulin resistance on the leptin response to hyperinsulinaemia. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:510-516

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Oltmanns KM, Toschek B, Sopke S, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2002 Short-term treatment with metformin decreases serum leptin concentration without affecting body weight and body fat content in normal-weight healthy men. Metabolism 51:531-536

# Dantz D, Bewersdorf J, Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Jelkmann W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2002 Vascular endothelial growth factor: a novel endocrine defensive response to hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:835-840

# Schutt M, Lorch H, Kruger S, Klingenberg RD, Peters A, Klein HH 2001 [Recurrent hypoglycemia caused by malignant insulinoma: chemoembolization as a therapeutic option]. Med Klin (Munich) 96:632-636

# Deininger E, Oltmanns KM, Wellhoener P, Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Heuer B, Dominiak P, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2001 Losartan attenuates symptomatic and hormonal responses to hypoglycemia in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 70:362-369

# Oltmanns KM, Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2001 Hypoglycemia, but not insulin, acutely decreases LH and T secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4913-4919

# Kern W, Peters A, Fruehwald-Schultes B, Deininger E, Born J, Fehm HL 2001 Improving influence of insulin on cognitive functions in humans. Neuroendocrinology 74:270-280

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Oltmanns KM, Sopke S, Toschek B, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2001 Metformin does not adversely affect hormonal and symptomatic responses to recurrent hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4187-4192

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2001 Hyperinsulinemia causes activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 Suppl 1:S38-S40

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Born J, Kern W, Peters A, Fehm HL 2000 Adaptation of cognitive function to hypoglycemia in healthy men. Diabetes Care 23:1059-1066

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2000 Comparison of the inhibitory effect of insulin and hypoglycemia on insulin secretion in humans. Metabolism 49:950-953

# Peters A, Ehlers M, Blank B, Exler D, Falk C, Kohlmann T, Fruehwald-Schultes B, Wellhoener P, Kerner W, Fehm HL 2000 Excess triiodothyronine as a risk factor of coronary events. Arch Intern Med 160:1993-1999

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Dantz D, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2000 Preserved hypothermic response to hypoglycemia after antecedent hypoglycemia. Metabolism 49:794-798

# Wellhoener P, Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Dantz D, Kerner W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 2000 Glucose metabolism rather than insulin is a main determinant of leptin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1267-1271

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Beyer J, Forst T, Pfutzner A, Peters A 1999 Elevated serum leptin concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. Metabolism 48:1290-1293

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Bong W, Wellhoener P, Kerner W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 1999 Supraphysiological hyperinsulinemia acutely increases hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal secretary activity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3041-3046

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Peters A, Kern W, Beyer J, Pfutzner A 1999 Serum leptin is associated with serum uric acid concentrations in humans. Metabolism 48:677-680

# Fruehwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Deininger E, Wellhoener P, Kerner W, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A 1999 Protective effect of insulin against hypoglycemia-associated counterregulatory failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1551-1557

# Batge B, Langsteger W, Bos I, Peters A 1998 [Pseudohyperthyroxinemia in endemic sprue--reversibility with a gluten-free diet]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 123:1269-1273

# Peters A, Rohloff D, Kohlmann T, Renner F, Jantschek G, Kerner W, Fehm HL 1998 Fetal hemoglobin in starvation ketosis of young women. Blood 91:691-694

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Achim Peters, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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The Mission Hospital opened on August 11, 1971 with 124 patient beds, 330 employees and a medical staff of 41 physicians providing general acute care, including obstetrics, pediatrics, surgery, intensive care and emergency services.

* In 1973, 89 new beds were added to accommodate growing demand. Designated a paramedic base station.

* In 1974, cardiac rehabilitation opened.

* In 1976 a helipad opened

* In 1977 oncology services became available.

* In 1980 it became one of the six original Orange County hospitals designated as a regional trauma center.

* In 1981 the Oncology Care Unit opened.

* In 1988 the Heart Surgery and Angioplasty program was introduced. The Mission Medical Tower and the Center for Rehab/Sports/Wellness opened along with a new four-level parking structure linking the upper and lower medical campuses and hospital services.

* In 1989, the Foundation at Mission Hospital Regional Medical Center was established to support community health education, medical staff research and programs to benefit the community. Also, the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit opened and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was upgraded to a Level II program. The hospital acquired state-of-the-art MRI and CT scanners.

* The Mission Surgery Center and the Mission Regional Imaging Center opened.

* In 1992 the five-story patient tower opened, making Mission Hospital the largest medical center in south Orange County with a total of 274 beds. The Fetal Diagnostic Center and the Mission Rehabilitation Center opened.

* In 1993 the Children’s Hospital at Mission, now known as CHOC at Mission, opened on the fifth floor of Mission Hospital. It was the only pediatric hospital in south Orange County.

* In 1994 the Mission Hospital Regional Medical Center became a member of the non-profit St. Joseph Health System sponsored by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange. As a non-profit hospital, the Mission Hospital Foundation broadened its scope to include raising funds for capital needs. The Pastoral Care department, later renamed Spiritual Care, was developed to meet the spiritual and emotional needs of patients and their families.

* In 1996 Mission Hospital collaborated with five other not-for-profit organizations to open the South Orange County Family Resource Center serving as a clearing-house for information and resources available to families. Mission Hospital assumed sponsorship of the South County Community Clinic, in San Juan Capistrano, renaming it Camino Health Center.

* In 2002 the Edward and Ann Muldoon Cardiac Center opened.

* In 2003 Mission opened a health center in Ladera Ranch. Along with the Mission Health Center in Rancho Santa Margarita, the urgent care center provides the community service for minor emergencies and basic health care needs, ranging from sprains to sore throats.

* In 2004 Community Health Improvement Services continues to expand offerings of community health education seminars, lectures, support groups and screenings that are free to the public. In ten years, Mission has invested close to $4 million toward community wellness programs that have served nearly 135,300 local residents.

* In 2005 Mission Hospital receives the Ernest A. Codman Award, from the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations for excellence in the use of outcomes measurement to achieve health care quality improvement in traumatic brain injury.

Mission Hospital continues to be #1 Stroke Care Center in Orange County.

Also Mission Regional Hospital is one of only 3 Hospitals in Orange County rated as a Regional Trauma Center. LEVEL 2 for Adults, and rated as a Level 2 Trauma Pediatric center as well. Only California State Irvine University Hospital in Orange is Trauma Rated Higher as a Level One.

Mission Hospital has embarked on an ambitious plan to significantly expand the hospital campus during the next two decades to accommodate the community’s growing health care needs. This includes an expanded Emergency Department and Mission Regional Trauma Center, huge new 7 floor parking structure, as well as the completed Mission Conference Center. Mission Hospital in Mission Viejo also completed in 2009 the purchase of Laguna Beach Community Hospital, which is now Mission Hospital Laguna Beach.

* In 2009 – Major construction was completed on November 15, 2009 on Mission Hospital’s $153 million 94,000-square-foot, 4-story tall, 122-bed patient tower, making this one of the newest hospitals in the United States. Currently (2009) two of the floors (the basement and the second floor) are still empty and will be used for future expansions. The new tower includes a beautiful glass ceiling modern chapel that has a “hidden garden” outside for prayer and contemplation, and numerous other state of the art features. This makes Mission Hospital the largest Hospital and Trauma Center in the area with 552 beds, and the largest hospital in Orange County.

The new tower has external “X” beams incorporated into the exterior architecture for earthquake compliance, and this makes it possible for the patient rooms to have nearly wall-size windows, which is proven to aid in healing, by promoting the body’s natural “circadian rhythm” (day–night cycle).

In addition the new tower (called Tower 2) features some of the finest modern diagnoses and medical equipment available, including state of the art tools such as a powerful linear accelerator, which pinpoints high-energy X-rays directly to a patient’s tumor, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, to more effectively isolate and destroy cancer cells, and a Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography equipment, which uses nuclear medicine to produce 3-D images that allow physicians to see how organs are functioning.

The hospital and many other hospitals are run by the non-profit Sisters of St. Joseph of Orange, California, through their Ministry. The Sisters Ministry was founded in 1650 in France, and in 1840 came to America. Their first Hospital Ministry was founded in 1912, and in 1920 their first hospital was opened in Eureka, California, based upon the caring for the needy and now providing health care in California, Texas and New Mexico. The Sisters of Saint Joseph of Orange Healing Ministry built this new tower to address all aspects of patient care. All of this, as Mission Hospital President and CEO Peter Bastone says, covers everything “from meeting critical medical needs, to healing for the mind and spirit, to comforts for family and loved ones.”

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Mission Hospital (Mission Viejo, California), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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