The mechanical design of the accessory shoe now common on most cameras dates back to 1913, when Oskar Barnack, the inventor of the Leica, devised it for attaching an accessory viewfinder. By 1940′s, with the addition of the central contact, the design became commonly used for attaching and triggering accessory flashes and known as the “hot-shoe”. Prior to 1988, Minolta has used that familiar, common hot-shoe design, adding, just like the other makers, its own proprietary contacts for enhanced control.

In 1988, Minolta introduced the iISO flash shoe in its new i series of cameras. Conceived with the input from the late Herbert Keppler, the new design featured a push-button latching mechanism, for the purpose of easier and faster flash attachment and removal and a more secure hold.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article IISO flash shoe, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Side effects of nafarelin are mostly related to the low estrogen state. Side effects include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, headaches, mood changes, and decreased interest in sex. Some patients may experience acne, muscle pain, reduced breast size, and irritation of the tissue inside the nose. These side effects should disappear after stopping the medication.

Category:GnRH agonists

pt:Nafarrelina
Adapted from the Wikipedia article Nafarelin, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Side effects of the GnRH agonists are signs and symptoms of hypoestrogenism, including hot flashes, headaches, and osteoporosis. In patients under long-term therapy, small amounts of estrogens could be given back (“add-back regimen”) to combat such side effects and to prevent bone wastage. Generally, long-term patients, both male and female, tend to undergo annual DEXA scans to appraise bone density.

There is also a report that GnRH agonists used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer may increase the risk of heart problems by 30%.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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”Hwabyeong” or ”Hwabyung”, literally “anger illness” or “fire illness”, is a Korean culture-bound somatization disorder, a mental illness. It manifests as one or more of a wide range of physical symptoms, in response to emotional disturbance, such as stress from troublesome interpersonal relationships or life crises. It most often occurs in females in their menopausal years.

Behavior related to ”hwabyeong” includes sighing. In addition, sufferers might report such symptoms as a heavy feeling in the chest, perceived abdominal mass (previously thought to define the illness, but now believed to be atypical), sleeplessness, hot flashes, cold flashes and blurred vision. They may also demonstrate typical neurotic symptoms such as anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, as well as anorexia, paranoia or fearfulness, absent-mindedness, and irritability.

Western doctors are likely to diagnose it as a kind of stress or depression. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders currently lists ”hwabyeong” among its culture-bound illnesses. Outside of Korea, informally, ”hwabyeong” may be mistaken as a reference to a psychological profile marked by a lack of temper or explosive, generally bellicose behavior resulting from a lack of temper. To the contrary, ”hwabyeong” is a traditional psychological term used to refer to a condition characterized by passive suffering, is roughly comparable to depression, and is typically associated with older women.

In South Korea, it is also cal

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Hwabyeong, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA; 5-Methoxy-MDA) is a psychedelic and entactogen drug of the amphetamine class. It is an analogue of lophophine, MDA, and MDMA, and also bears resemblance to the essential oil myristicin found in nutmeg.

MMDA was described by Alexander Shulgin in his book ”PiHKAL”. Shulgin lists the dosage range of MMDA as 100-250 mg. The first symptoms appear within 30–60 minutes following oral administration. MMDA produces euphoria and loving warmth, and attenuates feelings such as anxiety and loneliness. MMDA also produces eyes-closed visuals, a state of drowsiness muscle relaxation, and time dilation. Side effects include moderate mydriasis, dizziness, sensations of heat or cold, and trembling. The imagery is generally realistic, and often related to everyday perception of people, landscapes, or objects. The effects of MMDA usually reach a peak after the first hour following the initial symptoms, and begin to wane during the second hour, and usually completely disappear by the end of the fifth hour.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article MMDA (drug), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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According to the DSM-IV, during a LSA, fewer than 4 of the following symptoms would be experienced, in contrast to a full blown panic attack, which must include 4 or more symptoms.

* dyspnea (shortness of breath)

* heart palpitations

* trembling

* dizziness

* chest pain

* perspiration

* hot flashes

* headache

* derealization

* paresthesia

* hyperventilation

* nausea

* vertigo

* lightheadedness

* burning sensations

* choking sensations

* fear of dying

* fear of insanity

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Limited symptom attack, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Before the 1970s, many cameras had an “accessory shoe” or “cold shoe”, intended to hold flashes that connected electronically via an outboard “PC cable” (not meaning a computer: the term goes back to the synchronization method of the “Prontor/Compur” shutters of the 1930s), or other accessories such as external light meters, special viewfinders, or rangefinders. These earlier accessory shoes were mostly the same U shape, and thus provided the template for the introduction of the hot shoe.

Canon, Nikon, Olympus, and Pentax use the standard ISO hot shoe with various proprietary electronic connections. Since 1988, Minolta has used a proprietary “iISO” connector, and Sony digital SLR cameras are based on Minolta designs and use the same connector.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Hot shoe, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Mechanical

The use of the button-operated latch, besides facilitating a quick, one-handed flash attachment and detachment, also eliminates the possibility of the flash gradually working itself loose and shifting in the shoe, which on camera systems using the ISO 518 hot-shoe can lead to certain contacts being broken, contacts with the wrong pins being made, or in extreme cases the flash sliding off the hot-shoe entirely.

* ”Attachment”

As the flash slides onto the camera body, the sides of the T shaped flange on the body engage the lips of the rotated C shaped profile on the flash. When the flash is fully inserted, a spring-loaded latch on the flash locks into the indentation in the middle of the flash shoe.

* ”Detachment”

The user presses the unlock button on the flash body, which, by means of a lever or a wedge mechanism disengages the locking latch, enabling the user to slide off the flash from the camera body.

Electronic Contacts

Listed top-to-bottom (looking at the flash shoe socket as pictured above, or with the camera positioned with the lens pointing up):

Variations

* ”Analog and digital control modes”

Digital control mode is used if a contemporary flash is detected by the camera. Otherwise, to support basic triggers and legacy and low-end flashes, analog interface is used.

* ”Additional electronic contacts on Minolta 3000i”

This low-end body omitted a built-in flash, and Minolta made available D-314i and D-316i compact and inexpensive flashe

Adapted from the Wikipedia article IISO flash shoe, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Water, while under pressure, is heated up to a high temperature (approx. 250-500 °C). As the hot water goes through the nozzle (usually a de Laval nozzle) and the pressure reduces, the water flashes to steam pressing on the nozzle, and leaving at high speed. By the recoil the rocket accelerates in the opposite direction to the steam. The nozzle of hot water rockets must be able to withstand high pressure, high temperatures and the particularly corrosive nature of hot water.

The simplest design has a pressurised water tank where the water is heated before launch.

More complex designs can involve passing the water through pumps and heat exchangers and employ nuclear reactors or solar heating.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Steam rocket, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Side effects for anti-estrogens are :anxiety, back, bone, breast, joint, or pelvic pain, constipation, cough, diarrhea, dizziness, flu-like symptoms, (e.g., muscle aches, tiredness), headache, hot flashes, loss of appetite, nausea, sore throat, stomach pain or upset, sweating, tingling or burning sensation, trouble sleeping, vaginal dryness, vomiting, weakness, weight gain.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article NCAA banned substances, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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